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Association Between Physical Fitness, Body Fat, BMI, and Physical Activity Level with Learning Outcomes in Elementary School Students

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 335 - 341, 25.03.2024

Sapto Adi Yulingga Nanda Hanief Prisca Widiawati Teejay D. Panganiban Budi Ariyanto Muslim

https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1382608

Abstract

The main problem in achieving learning outcomes in physical subjects at the primary school level is very complex. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical fitness, body fat, BMI, and physical activity levels with physical education learning outcome in elementary school students. A cross-sectional study was conducted to answer the research questions. This study involved 27 students (Aged 10.820.79) from elementary schools in Malang City, Indonesia. Instruments to determine physical fitness include endurance (PACER Test), flexibility (V sit and reach), and strength (sit-ups and squat thrust), the Indonesian Physical Fitness Test was used to determine body fat and Body Mass Index (BMI), and Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children (PAQ-C) was used to determine physical activity levels. The research result showed that physical fitness, body fat, BMI, and physical activity level were closely related to learning outcomes (R of 0.821), but only physical fitness influences physical fitness (Sig. < 0.05), while body fat, BMI, and physical activity level had no effect. In conclusion, students with good physical fitness tend to get good learning outcomes, so the physical education curriculum must accommodate physical activities that can increase the physical fitness level of students. Future research on academic success factors needs to be investigated, especially schools need to promote movement-based activities to support academic success.

Keywords

physical fitness pacer test physical activity obesity physical education learning outcomes

Ethical Statement

This study received permission from the Ethics Commission of the State University of Malang No 101/KEPK/2023

Supporting Institution

Universitas Negeri Malang, Indonesia

Project Number

5.4.135/UN32.20.1/LT/2023

Thanks

The research team would like to thank the State University of Malang for providing funding so that this research can be completed. This research is a faculty superior research scheme with research contract number 5.4.135/UN32.20.1/LT/2023.

References

  • Agustin, W. W., Hartati, H., & Aryanti, S. (2021). Physical Fitness Analysis of Student Learning Outcomes. Journal Physical Education, Health and Recreation, 5(2), 162–168. [CrossRef]
  • Aquino, J. . M., & Reyes, M. G. (2022). The Relationship of Sports Participation in Academic Performance among College of Arts and Sciences Varsity Players. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 1(2), 107-122. [CrossRef]
  • Aubert, S., Barnes, J. D., Abdeta, C., Abi Nader, P., Adeniyi, A. F., Aguilar-Farias, N., Tenesaca, D. S. A., Bhawra, J., Brazo-Sayavera, J., & Cardon, G. (2018). Global matrix 3.0 physical activity report card grades for children and youth: results and analysis from 49 countries. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 15(s2), S251–S273. [CrossRef]
  • Aziz, I. (2014). Evaluating Learning Outcomes of Sports Skill through Observation. Asian Social Science, 10(5), 130–135. [CrossRef]
  • Bailey, R., Armour, K., Kirk, D., Jess, M., Pickup, I., Sandford, R., & Education, B. P. (2009). The educational benefits claimed for physical education and school sport: an academic review. Research Papers in Education, 24(1), 1–27. [CrossRef]
  • Baldonado, N. N., Demot, A. M. L., Villaflores, P. J. A., Dayag, G. G., Buado, E. L., Ramos, C. V., Cruz, G. V. T. D., & Martinez, R. G. (2022). Physical Activity Participation of Persons Deprived of Liberty in Santiago City District Jail, Philippines. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 1(2), 91-106. [CrossRef]
  • Barlow, S. E., & Committee, E. (2007). Expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: summary report. Pediatrics, 120(Supplement_4), S164–S192. [CrossRef]
  • Bushman, B. A. (2019). Physical activity guidelines for Americans: The relationship between physical activity and health. ACSM’s Health & Fitness Journal, 23(3), 5–9. [CrossRef]
  • Cereda, F. (2023). A Modern Pedagogical Approach in The Subject of Physical Education. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 2(2), 126-141. [CrossRef]
  • Chen, W., Mason, S., Hammond-Bennett, A., & Zalmout, S. (2016). Manipulative skill competency and health-related physical fitness in elementary school students. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 5(4), 491–499. [CrossRef]
  • Dudley, D., & Burden, R. (2020). What effect on learning does increasing the proportion of curriculum time allocated to physical education have? A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Physical Education Review, 26(1), 85–100. [CrossRef]
  • Erfle, S. E., & Gamble, A. (2015). Effects of daily physical education on physical fitness and weight status in middle school adolescents. Journal of School Health, 85(1), 27–35. [CrossRef]
  • Eveland-Sayers, B. M., Farley, R. S., Fuller, D. K., Morgan, D. W., & Caputo, J. L. (2009). Physical fitness and academic achievement in elementary school children. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 6(1), 99–104. [CrossRef]
  • Firdaus, K., Hartoto, S., Hariyanto, A., Subagya, I., & Mario, D. T. (2023). Evaluation of Several Factors that Affect the Learning Outcomes of Physical Education. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 11(1), 27–36. [CrossRef]
  • Goudas, M., & Magotsiou, E. (2009). The effects of a cooperative physical education program on students’ social skills. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(3), 356–364. [CrossRef]
  • Hasbullah, A., Hanif, A. S., Setiakarnawijaya, Y., & Pelana, R. (2021). Learnıng Outcomes Of Physıcal Educatıon For Eleventh Grade Students Of Senıor Hıgh School. Gladi: Jurnal Ilmu Keolahragaan, 12(02), 115–127. [CrossRef]
  • Hillman, C. H., Erickson, K. I., & Kramer, A. F. (2008). Be smart, exercise your heart: exercise effects on brain and cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9(1), 58–65. [CrossRef]
  • Kementerian Pemuda dan Olahraga. (2022). Pedoman Pelaksanaan Tes kebugaran Pelajar Nusantara. Kementerian Pemuda dan Olahraga. [CrossRef]
  • Khasanah, R. N., & Hariyoko, H. (2023). Development of learning media for physical education, sports, and health on basic football techniques based on articulate storyline application. Indonesian Journal of Research in Physical Education, Sport, and Health (IJRPESH), 1(1), 8–14. Retrieved from [CrossRef]
  • Lee, H. S., & Lee, J. (2021). Applying artificial intelligence in physical education and future perspectives. Sustainability, 13(1), 351. [CrossRef]
  • Legarra-Gorgoñon, G., García-Alonso, Y., Ramírez-Vélez, R., Erice-Echegaray, B., Izquierdo, M., & Alonso-Martínez, A. M. (2023). Associations between basic motor competencies and physical fitness in Spanish pre-schoolers: a cross-sectional study. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 49(1). [CrossRef]
  • Liu, G., Hao, R., Li, X., Gao, Y., Li, W., & Zhang, M. (2023). Body Mass Index and Physical Fitness among Chinese Adolescents Aged 15–18: A Cross-Sectional Study of Gender Differences. Children, 10(7), 1204. [CrossRef]
  • McLennan, N., & Thompson, J. (2015). Quality physical education (QPE): Guidelines for policymakers. Unesco Publishing. [CrossRef]
  • Meyer, U., Roth, R., Zahner, L., Gerber, M., Puder, J. J., Hebestreit, H., & Kriemler, S. (2013). Contribution of physical education to overall physical activity. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 23(5), 600–606. [CrossRef]
  • Mirzeoğlu, A. D. (2014). The effects of peer teaching on the university students achievements in cognitive, affective, psychomotor domains and game performances in volleyball courses. Educational Research and Reviews, 9(9), 262–271. [CrossRef]
  • Nanda, G. R., & Sari, M. (2021, February). Relationship of Physical Fitness to Physical Education Learning Outcomes of Class VIII Students of Junior High School Negeri 6 Siak Hulu. In 1st International Conference on Sport Sciences, Health and Tourism (ICSSHT 2019) (pp. 109-112). Atlantis Press. [CrossRef]
  • Ni, R., & Yu, Y. (2023). A study on the factors of barriers to female university students’ sports participation from an environmental perspective. Indonesian Journal of Research in Physical Education, Sport, and Health (IJRPESH), 1(2), 87–97. Retrieved from [CrossRef]
  • Özkan, Z., & Kale, R. (2023). Investigation of the effects of physical education activities on motor skills and quality of life in children with intellectual disability. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 69(4), 578–592. [CrossRef]
  • Rafiola, R., Setyosari, P., Radjah, C., & Ramli, M. (2020). The effect of learning motivation, self-efficacy, and blended learning on students’ achievement in the industrial revolution 4.0. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (IJET), 15(8), 71–82. [CrossRef]
  • Randall, L. (2013). Physical Education’s Contribution to Health and Wellness: Part 1. Antistasis. [CrossRef]
  • Rodriguez, C. C., Camargo, E. M. de, Rodriguez-Añez, C. R., & Reis, R. S. (2020). Physical activity, physical fitness and academic achievement in adolescents: A systematic review. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Do Esporte, 26, 441–448. [CrossRef]
  • Starc, G., & Strel, J. (2012). Influence of the quality implementation of a physical education curriculum on the physical development and physical fitness of children. BMC Public Health, 12, 1–7. [CrossRef]
  • Tella, A. (2007). The impact of motivation on student’s academic achievement and learning outcomes in mathematics among secondary school students in Nigeria. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 3(2), 149–156. [CrossRef]
  • Tomporowski, P. D., Davis, C. L., Miller, P. H., & Naglieri, J. A. (2008). Exercise and children’s intelligence, cognition, and academic achievement. Educational Psychology Review, 20, 111–131. [CrossRef]
  • Wyszyńska, J., Ring-Dimitriou, S., Thivel, D., Weghuber, D., Hadjipanayis, A., Grossman, Z., Ross-Russell, R., Dereń, K., & Mazur, A. (2020). Physical activity in the prevention of childhood obesity: the position of the European childhood obesity group and the European academy of pediatrics. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 8, 662. [CrossRef]
  • Yu, Z., Gao, M., & Wang, L. (2021). The effect of educational games on learning outcomes, student motivation, engagement and satisfaction. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 59(3), 522–546. [CrossRef]
  • Zacharis, N. Z. (2011). The effect of learning style on preference for web‐based courses and learning outcomes. British Journal of Educational Technology, 42(5), 790–800. [CrossRef]

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 335 - 341, 25.03.2024

Sapto Adi Yulingga Nanda Hanief Prisca Widiawati Teejay D. Panganiban Budi Ariyanto Muslim

https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1382608

Abstract

Project Number

5.4.135/UN32.20.1/LT/2023

References

  • Agustin, W. W., Hartati, H., & Aryanti, S. (2021). Physical Fitness Analysis of Student Learning Outcomes. Journal Physical Education, Health and Recreation, 5(2), 162–168. [CrossRef]
  • Aquino, J. . M., & Reyes, M. G. (2022). The Relationship of Sports Participation in Academic Performance among College of Arts and Sciences Varsity Players. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 1(2), 107-122. [CrossRef]
  • Aubert, S., Barnes, J. D., Abdeta, C., Abi Nader, P., Adeniyi, A. F., Aguilar-Farias, N., Tenesaca, D. S. A., Bhawra, J., Brazo-Sayavera, J., & Cardon, G. (2018). Global matrix 3.0 physical activity report card grades for children and youth: results and analysis from 49 countries. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 15(s2), S251–S273. [CrossRef]
  • Aziz, I. (2014). Evaluating Learning Outcomes of Sports Skill through Observation. Asian Social Science, 10(5), 130–135. [CrossRef]
  • Bailey, R., Armour, K., Kirk, D., Jess, M., Pickup, I., Sandford, R., & Education, B. P. (2009). The educational benefits claimed for physical education and school sport: an academic review. Research Papers in Education, 24(1), 1–27. [CrossRef]
  • Baldonado, N. N., Demot, A. M. L., Villaflores, P. J. A., Dayag, G. G., Buado, E. L., Ramos, C. V., Cruz, G. V. T. D., & Martinez, R. G. (2022). Physical Activity Participation of Persons Deprived of Liberty in Santiago City District Jail, Philippines. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 1(2), 91-106. [CrossRef]
  • Barlow, S. E., & Committee, E. (2007). Expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: summary report. Pediatrics, 120(Supplement_4), S164–S192. [CrossRef]
  • Bushman, B. A. (2019). Physical activity guidelines for Americans: The relationship between physical activity and health. ACSM’s Health & Fitness Journal, 23(3), 5–9. [CrossRef]
  • Cereda, F. (2023). A Modern Pedagogical Approach in The Subject of Physical Education. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 2(2), 126-141. [CrossRef]
  • Chen, W., Mason, S., Hammond-Bennett, A., & Zalmout, S. (2016). Manipulative skill competency and health-related physical fitness in elementary school students. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 5(4), 491–499. [CrossRef]
  • Dudley, D., & Burden, R. (2020). What effect on learning does increasing the proportion of curriculum time allocated to physical education have? A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Physical Education Review, 26(1), 85–100. [CrossRef]
  • Erfle, S. E., & Gamble, A. (2015). Effects of daily physical education on physical fitness and weight status in middle school adolescents. Journal of School Health, 85(1), 27–35. [CrossRef]
  • Eveland-Sayers, B. M., Farley, R. S., Fuller, D. K., Morgan, D. W., & Caputo, J. L. (2009). Physical fitness and academic achievement in elementary school children. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 6(1), 99–104. [CrossRef]
  • Firdaus, K., Hartoto, S., Hariyanto, A., Subagya, I., & Mario, D. T. (2023). Evaluation of Several Factors that Affect the Learning Outcomes of Physical Education. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 11(1), 27–36. [CrossRef]
  • Goudas, M., & Magotsiou, E. (2009). The effects of a cooperative physical education program on students’ social skills. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(3), 356–364. [CrossRef]
  • Hasbullah, A., Hanif, A. S., Setiakarnawijaya, Y., & Pelana, R. (2021). Learnıng Outcomes Of Physıcal Educatıon For Eleventh Grade Students Of Senıor Hıgh School. Gladi: Jurnal Ilmu Keolahragaan, 12(02), 115–127. [CrossRef]
  • Hillman, C. H., Erickson, K. I., & Kramer, A. F. (2008). Be smart, exercise your heart: exercise effects on brain and cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9(1), 58–65. [CrossRef]
  • Kementerian Pemuda dan Olahraga. (2022). Pedoman Pelaksanaan Tes kebugaran Pelajar Nusantara. Kementerian Pemuda dan Olahraga. [CrossRef]
  • Khasanah, R. N., & Hariyoko, H. (2023). Development of learning media for physical education, sports, and health on basic football techniques based on articulate storyline application. Indonesian Journal of Research in Physical Education, Sport, and Health (IJRPESH), 1(1), 8–14. Retrieved from [CrossRef]
  • Lee, H. S., & Lee, J. (2021). Applying artificial intelligence in physical education and future perspectives. Sustainability, 13(1), 351. [CrossRef]
  • Legarra-Gorgoñon, G., García-Alonso, Y., Ramírez-Vélez, R., Erice-Echegaray, B., Izquierdo, M., & Alonso-Martínez, A. M. (2023). Associations between basic motor competencies and physical fitness in Spanish pre-schoolers: a cross-sectional study. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 49(1). [CrossRef]
  • Liu, G., Hao, R., Li, X., Gao, Y., Li, W., & Zhang, M. (2023). Body Mass Index and Physical Fitness among Chinese Adolescents Aged 15–18: A Cross-Sectional Study of Gender Differences. Children, 10(7), 1204. [CrossRef]
  • McLennan, N., & Thompson, J. (2015). Quality physical education (QPE): Guidelines for policymakers. Unesco Publishing. [CrossRef]
  • Meyer, U., Roth, R., Zahner, L., Gerber, M., Puder, J. J., Hebestreit, H., & Kriemler, S. (2013). Contribution of physical education to overall physical activity. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 23(5), 600–606. [CrossRef]
  • Mirzeoğlu, A. D. (2014). The effects of peer teaching on the university students achievements in cognitive, affective, psychomotor domains and game performances in volleyball courses. Educational Research and Reviews, 9(9), 262–271. [CrossRef]
  • Nanda, G. R., & Sari, M. (2021, February). Relationship of Physical Fitness to Physical Education Learning Outcomes of Class VIII Students of Junior High School Negeri 6 Siak Hulu. In 1st International Conference on Sport Sciences, Health and Tourism (ICSSHT 2019) (pp. 109-112). Atlantis Press. [CrossRef]
  • Ni, R., & Yu, Y. (2023). A study on the factors of barriers to female university students’ sports participation from an environmental perspective. Indonesian Journal of Research in Physical Education, Sport, and Health (IJRPESH), 1(2), 87–97. Retrieved from [CrossRef]
  • Özkan, Z., & Kale, R. (2023). Investigation of the effects of physical education activities on motor skills and quality of life in children with intellectual disability. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 69(4), 578–592. [CrossRef]
  • Rafiola, R., Setyosari, P., Radjah, C., & Ramli, M. (2020). The effect of learning motivation, self-efficacy, and blended learning on students’ achievement in the industrial revolution 4.0. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (IJET), 15(8), 71–82. [CrossRef]
  • Randall, L. (2013). Physical Education’s Contribution to Health and Wellness: Part 1. Antistasis. [CrossRef]
  • Rodriguez, C. C., Camargo, E. M. de, Rodriguez-Añez, C. R., & Reis, R. S. (2020). Physical activity, physical fitness and academic achievement in adolescents: A systematic review. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Do Esporte, 26, 441–448. [CrossRef]
  • Starc, G., & Strel, J. (2012). Influence of the quality implementation of a physical education curriculum on the physical development and physical fitness of children. BMC Public Health, 12, 1–7. [CrossRef]
  • Tella, A. (2007). The impact of motivation on student’s academic achievement and learning outcomes in mathematics among secondary school students in Nigeria. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 3(2), 149–156. [CrossRef]
  • Tomporowski, P. D., Davis, C. L., Miller, P. H., & Naglieri, J. A. (2008). Exercise and children’s intelligence, cognition, and academic achievement. Educational Psychology Review, 20, 111–131. [CrossRef]
  • Wyszyńska, J., Ring-Dimitriou, S., Thivel, D., Weghuber, D., Hadjipanayis, A., Grossman, Z., Ross-Russell, R., Dereń, K., & Mazur, A. (2020). Physical activity in the prevention of childhood obesity: the position of the European childhood obesity group and the European academy of pediatrics. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 8, 662. [CrossRef]
  • Yu, Z., Gao, M., & Wang, L. (2021). The effect of educational games on learning outcomes, student motivation, engagement and satisfaction. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 59(3), 522–546. [CrossRef]
  • Zacharis, N. Z. (2011). The effect of learning style on preference for web‐based courses and learning outcomes. British Journal of Educational Technology, 42(5), 790–800. [CrossRef]
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Physical Fitness
Journal Section Original Article
Authors

Sapto Adi 0000-0001-6801-524X

Yulingga Nanda Hanief 0000-0003-2791-9845

Prisca Widiawati 0000-0002-9271-4427

Teejay D. Panganiban 0000-0002-9742-607X

Budi Ariyanto Muslim This is me 0000-0002-2205-6174

Project Number 5.4.135/UN32.20.1/LT/2023
Early Pub Date March 18, 2024
Publication Date March 25, 2024
Submission Date October 29, 2023
Acceptance Date March 8, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Adi, S., Hanief, Y. N., Widiawati, P., Panganiban, T. D., et al. (2024). Association Between Physical Fitness, Body Fat, BMI, and Physical Activity Level with Learning Outcomes in Elementary School Students. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, 7(2), 335-341. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1382608
AMA Adi S, Hanief YN, Widiawati P, Panganiban TD, Muslim BA. Association Between Physical Fitness, Body Fat, BMI, and Physical Activity Level with Learning Outcomes in Elementary School Students. International Journal of Disabilities Sports &Health Sciences. March 2024;7(2):335-341. doi:10.33438/ijdshs.1382608
Chicago Adi, Sapto, Yulingga Nanda Hanief, Prisca Widiawati, Teejay D. Panganiban, and Budi Ariyanto Muslim. “Association Between Physical Fitness, Body Fat, BMI, and Physical Activity Level With Learning Outcomes in Elementary School Students”. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences 7, no. 2 (March 2024): 335-41. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1382608.
EndNote Adi S, Hanief YN, Widiawati P, Panganiban TD, Muslim BA (March 1, 2024) Association Between Physical Fitness, Body Fat, BMI, and Physical Activity Level with Learning Outcomes in Elementary School Students. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences 7 2 335–341.
IEEE S. Adi, Y. N. Hanief, P. Widiawati, T. D. Panganiban, and B. A. Muslim, “Association Between Physical Fitness, Body Fat, BMI, and Physical Activity Level with Learning Outcomes in Elementary School Students”, International Journal of Disabilities Sports &Health Sciences, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 335–341, 2024, doi: 10.33438/ijdshs.1382608.
ISNAD Adi, Sapto et al. “Association Between Physical Fitness, Body Fat, BMI, and Physical Activity Level With Learning Outcomes in Elementary School Students”. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences 7/2 (March 2024), 335-341. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1382608.
JAMA Adi S, Hanief YN, Widiawati P, Panganiban TD, Muslim BA. Association Between Physical Fitness, Body Fat, BMI, and Physical Activity Level with Learning Outcomes in Elementary School Students. International Journal of Disabilities Sports &Health Sciences. 2024;7:335–341.
MLA Adi, Sapto et al. “Association Between Physical Fitness, Body Fat, BMI, and Physical Activity Level With Learning Outcomes in Elementary School Students”. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, vol. 7, no. 2, 2024, pp. 335-41, doi:10.33438/ijdshs.1382608.
Vancouver Adi S, Hanief YN, Widiawati P, Panganiban TD, Muslim BA. Association Between Physical Fitness, Body Fat, BMI, and Physical Activity Level with Learning Outcomes in Elementary School Students. International Journal of Disabilities Sports &Health Sciences. 2024;7(2):335-41.
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