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EXCESSIVE USE OF FLAXSEED MAY POSE A THREAT TO KIDNEY TISSUE: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Year 2023, Volume: 30 Issue: 1, 89 - 96, 14.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.17343/sdutfd.1247065

Abstract

Objective
We aimed to investigate the effects of flaxseed,
which is widely used due to its healing effects, on the
kidney tissue when the daily recommended dose is
exceeded.
Material and Methods
We divided the male Wistar Albino rats into four
groups of eight, namely the control, OD-1 (1.4 mg/
kg/d), OD-2 (2.8 mg/kg/d), and OD-3 (5.6 mg/kg/d)
groups. Ground flaxseed was administered to each
overdose group by oral gavage for 7 days. At the
end of the experiment, blood and kidney samples
were collected. Blood samples were centrifuged and
serum was separated for renal function analyses.
The half of the kidney samples were stored at -20
°C until biochemical analyses and we fixed the
remaining tissues with 10% buffered formalin for
histopathological analysis.
Results
Serum urea and BUN levels were significantly
increased in all overdose groups compared to the
control group (for all p˂0.05). TAS levels significantly
decreased in the OD-3 group compared to the control
(p=0.044). There was an increase renal TOS levels
in all overdose groups compared to the control
and also, OSI level of the OD-3 group significantly
increased compared to the control (p=0.016). While
histopathological changes were not observed in OD-1
and OD-2 groups compared to the control group,
there were non-significant histopathological changes
in OD-3 group.
Conclusion
It was concluded that the use of flaxseed above the
recommended daily dose can pose a threat to kidney
tissue. So, while being used for its benefit, in order not
to be exposed to its toxic effects, overuse and longterm
use should be avoided.

References

  • 1. Goyal A, Sharma V, Upadhyay N, Gill S, Sihag M. Flax and flaxseed oil: an ancient medicine & modern functional food. J Food Sci Technol. 2014;51(9):1633–53.
  • 2. Vaughn CJ. Drugs and Lactation Database: LactMed. J Electron Resour Med Libr. 2012;9(4):272–7.
  • 3. Tolkachev ON, Zhuchenko J. Biologically active substances of flax: Medicinal and nutritional properties: (A review). Pharm Chem J. 2004;34(7):360–7.
  • 4. Hosseinian F, Beta T. Patented Techniques for the Extraction and Isolation of Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside from Flaxseed. Recent Patents Food, Nutr Agric. 2009;1(1):25–31.
  • 5. Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Xu Y, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, et al. Ultrasonic-Assisted Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction Combined with Macroporous Resin Enrichment of Lignans from Flaxseed Meal and Their Antioxidant Activities. J AOAC Int. 2022;105(4):1183–92.
  • 6. Parikh M, Netticadan T, Pierce GN. Flaxseed: its bioactive components and their cardiovascular benefits. Am J Physiol Circ Physiol. 2018;314(2):H146–59.
  • 7. Rodriguez-Leyva D, Dupasquier CMC, McCullough R, Pierce GN. The cardiovascular effects of flaxseed and its omega-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid. Can J Cardiol. 2010;26(9):489–96.
  • 8. Cunnane SC, Ganguli S, Menard C, Liede AC, Hamadeh MJ, Chen Z-Y, et al. High α-linolenic acid flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum): some nutritional properties in humans. Br J Nutr. 1993;69(2):443–53.
  • 9. Martinchik AN, Baturin AK, Zubtsov V V, Molofeev VI. Nutritional value and functional properties of flaxseed. Vopr Pitan. 2012;81(3):4–10.
  • 10. Bloedon LT, Szapary PO. Flaxseed and Cardiovascular Risk. Nutr Rev. 2004;62(1):18–27.
  • 11. Banea-Mayambu JP, Tylleskär T, Gitebo N, Matadi N, Gebre- Medhin M, Rosling H. Geographical and seasonal association between linamarin and cyanide exposure from cassava and the upper motor neurone disease konzo in former Zaire. Trop Med Int Health. 1997;2(12):1143–51.
  • 12. Özgöçmen M, Yeşilot Ş. Does Excessive Consumption of Flaxseed Cause a Liver Damage in Rat Models? SDÜ Tıp Fakültesi Derg. 2021;28(2):333–41.
  • 13. Erel O. A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation. Clin Biochem. 2004;37(4):277–85.
  • 14. Erel O. A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clin Biochem. 2005;38(12):1103–11.
  • 15. Altindag O, Erel O, Soran N, Celik H, Selek S. Total oxidative/ anti-oxidative status and relation to bone mineral density in osteoporosis. Rheumatol Int. 2008;28(4):317–21.
  • 16. Ozer MK, Bilgic S, Armagan I, Savran M. Thymoquinone protection from amikacin induced renal injury in rats. Biotech Histochem. 2020;95(2):129–36.
  • 17. Oomah BD, Mazza G. Flaxseed Products For Disease Prevention. In: Functional Foods, Biochemical and Processing Aspects. Lancaster: Technomic Publishing Company; 1998. P:91–127.
  • 18. Wiesenfeld P, Babu U, Collins TF, Sprando R, O’Donnell M, Flynn T, et al. Flaxseed increased α-linolenic and eicosapentaenoic acid and decreased arachidonic acid in serum and tissues of rat dams and offspring. Food Chem Toxicol. 2003;41(6):841– 55.
  • 19. Adolphe JL, Whiting SJ, Juurlink BHJ, Thorpe LU, Alcorn J. Health effects with consumption of the flax lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. Br J Nutr. 2010;103(7):929–38.
  • 20. Bilgiç S, Gür FM, Aktaş İ. Biochemical and Histopathological Investigation of the Protective Effect of Lutein in Rat Kidney Exposed to Cisplatin. Med Rec. 2022;4(3):433–8.
  • 21. Bilgic S, Korkmaz D, Azirak S, Güvenc A, Kocaman N, Ozer M. Olanzapine-induced renal damage and metabolic side effects: the protective effect of thymoquinone. J Turgut Ozal Med Cent. 2018;25(1):70–5.
  • 22. Klosterman H. J., Lamoureux G. L. PJL. Isolation, characterization, and synthesis of linatine. A vitamin B6 antagonist from flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum). Biochemistry. 1967;6(1):170– 7.
  • 23. Elmowafy AAAE. Study the potential effect of fenugreek and flaxseed seeds on acute renal failure in rats. J Res Fields Specif Educ. 2022;8(42):863–98.
  • 24. Ahmed SM, Abo El-Naga NI, Hussein MM, Bedir AM. Biological Study to Evaluate the Effect of Intake Flaxseed Oil on Kidney Failure Rats. Alexandria Sci Exch J. 2022;43(3):9–19.
  • 25. Bolarinwa IF, Oke MO, Olaniyan SA, Ajala AS. A Review of Cyanogenic Glycosides in Edible Plants. In: Toxicology - New Aspects to This Scientific Conundrum. InTech; 2016. P:179–92.
  • 26. Bilgic S, Armagan I. Effects of misoprostol treatment on doxorubicin induced renal injury in rats. Biotech Histochem. 2020;95(2):113–20.
  • 27. Bilgiç S, Korkmaz DT, Azirak S, Güvenç AN, Kocaman N, Özer MK. Risperidone-Induced Renal Damage and Metabolic Side Effects: The Protective Effect of Resveratrol. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:1–10.
  • 28. Azirak S, Taştemir Korkmaz D, Bilgiç S, Özgöçmen M, Özer MK. Thymoquinone Prevents Valproic Acid-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rat Kidney. Eurasian J Biol Chem Sci. 2022;5(2):77–84.
  • 29. Satarug S, Garrett SH, Sens MA, Sens DA. Cadmium, environmental exposure, and health outcomes. Environ Health Perspect. 2010;118(2):182–90.

KETEN TOHUMUNUN AŞIRI KULLANIMI BÖBREK DOKUSU İÇİN TEHDİT OLUŞTURABİLİR: DENEYSEL BİR ÇALIŞMA

Year 2023, Volume: 30 Issue: 1, 89 - 96, 14.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.17343/sdutfd.1247065

Abstract

Amaç
İyileştirici etkisi nedeniyle yaygın olarak kullanılan
keten tohumunun önerilen günlük doz aşıldığında,
böbrek dokusu üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmayı amaçladık.
Gereç ve Yöntem
Erkek Wistar Albino cinsi ratlar her grupta 8 adet olacak
şekilde 4 gruba ayrıldı. Gruplar: kontrol, OD-1 (1,4
mg/kg/gün), OD-2 (2,8 mg/kg/gün) ve OD-3 (5,6 mg/
kg/gün) şeklinde isimlendirildi. Her bir doz aşımı olan
gruba, 7 gün boyunca oral gavaj yolu ile öğütülmüş
keten tohumu verildi. Deney sonunda kan ve böbrek
örnekleri alındı. Kan örnekleri santrifüjlenerek böbrek
fonksiyon analizleri için serumlarına ayrıldı. Böbrek
örneklerinin yarısı -20 °C'de biyokimyasal analizler
yapılana kadar saklandı ve kalan dokular histopatolojik
analiz için %10 tamponlu formalin ile fikse edildi.
Bulgular
Serum üre ve BUN seviyeleri, kontrol grubuyla karşılaştırıldığında,
doz aşımı olan tüm gruplarda önemli
ölçüde arttı (tümü için p˂0.05). TAS seviyeleri,
OD-3 grubunda kontrole göre anlamlı olarak azaldı
(p=0,044). Tüm aşırı doz gruplarında renal TOS düzeylerinde
kontrole göre artış vardı ve ayrıca OSI düzeyi,
OD-3 grubunda kontrole göre anlamlı düzeyde
arttı (p=0,016). OD-1 ve OD-2 gruplarında kontrol grubuna
göre histopatolojik değişiklikler gözlenmezken,
OD-3 grubunda anlamlı olmayan histopatolojik değişiklikler
belirlendi.
Sonuç
Önerilen günlük dozun üzerinde keten tohumu kullanımının
böbrek dokusu için tehdit oluşturabileceği
kanısına varıldı. Bu nedenle yararı için kullanılırken,
toksik etkilerine maruz kalmamak için aşırı ve uzun
süreli kullanımdan uzak durulmalıdır.

References

  • 1. Goyal A, Sharma V, Upadhyay N, Gill S, Sihag M. Flax and flaxseed oil: an ancient medicine & modern functional food. J Food Sci Technol. 2014;51(9):1633–53.
  • 2. Vaughn CJ. Drugs and Lactation Database: LactMed. J Electron Resour Med Libr. 2012;9(4):272–7.
  • 3. Tolkachev ON, Zhuchenko J. Biologically active substances of flax: Medicinal and nutritional properties: (A review). Pharm Chem J. 2004;34(7):360–7.
  • 4. Hosseinian F, Beta T. Patented Techniques for the Extraction and Isolation of Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside from Flaxseed. Recent Patents Food, Nutr Agric. 2009;1(1):25–31.
  • 5. Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Xu Y, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, et al. Ultrasonic-Assisted Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction Combined with Macroporous Resin Enrichment of Lignans from Flaxseed Meal and Their Antioxidant Activities. J AOAC Int. 2022;105(4):1183–92.
  • 6. Parikh M, Netticadan T, Pierce GN. Flaxseed: its bioactive components and their cardiovascular benefits. Am J Physiol Circ Physiol. 2018;314(2):H146–59.
  • 7. Rodriguez-Leyva D, Dupasquier CMC, McCullough R, Pierce GN. The cardiovascular effects of flaxseed and its omega-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid. Can J Cardiol. 2010;26(9):489–96.
  • 8. Cunnane SC, Ganguli S, Menard C, Liede AC, Hamadeh MJ, Chen Z-Y, et al. High α-linolenic acid flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum): some nutritional properties in humans. Br J Nutr. 1993;69(2):443–53.
  • 9. Martinchik AN, Baturin AK, Zubtsov V V, Molofeev VI. Nutritional value and functional properties of flaxseed. Vopr Pitan. 2012;81(3):4–10.
  • 10. Bloedon LT, Szapary PO. Flaxseed and Cardiovascular Risk. Nutr Rev. 2004;62(1):18–27.
  • 11. Banea-Mayambu JP, Tylleskär T, Gitebo N, Matadi N, Gebre- Medhin M, Rosling H. Geographical and seasonal association between linamarin and cyanide exposure from cassava and the upper motor neurone disease konzo in former Zaire. Trop Med Int Health. 1997;2(12):1143–51.
  • 12. Özgöçmen M, Yeşilot Ş. Does Excessive Consumption of Flaxseed Cause a Liver Damage in Rat Models? SDÜ Tıp Fakültesi Derg. 2021;28(2):333–41.
  • 13. Erel O. A novel automated direct measurement method for total antioxidant capacity using a new generation, more stable ABTS radical cation. Clin Biochem. 2004;37(4):277–85.
  • 14. Erel O. A new automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clin Biochem. 2005;38(12):1103–11.
  • 15. Altindag O, Erel O, Soran N, Celik H, Selek S. Total oxidative/ anti-oxidative status and relation to bone mineral density in osteoporosis. Rheumatol Int. 2008;28(4):317–21.
  • 16. Ozer MK, Bilgic S, Armagan I, Savran M. Thymoquinone protection from amikacin induced renal injury in rats. Biotech Histochem. 2020;95(2):129–36.
  • 17. Oomah BD, Mazza G. Flaxseed Products For Disease Prevention. In: Functional Foods, Biochemical and Processing Aspects. Lancaster: Technomic Publishing Company; 1998. P:91–127.
  • 18. Wiesenfeld P, Babu U, Collins TF, Sprando R, O’Donnell M, Flynn T, et al. Flaxseed increased α-linolenic and eicosapentaenoic acid and decreased arachidonic acid in serum and tissues of rat dams and offspring. Food Chem Toxicol. 2003;41(6):841– 55.
  • 19. Adolphe JL, Whiting SJ, Juurlink BHJ, Thorpe LU, Alcorn J. Health effects with consumption of the flax lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. Br J Nutr. 2010;103(7):929–38.
  • 20. Bilgiç S, Gür FM, Aktaş İ. Biochemical and Histopathological Investigation of the Protective Effect of Lutein in Rat Kidney Exposed to Cisplatin. Med Rec. 2022;4(3):433–8.
  • 21. Bilgic S, Korkmaz D, Azirak S, Güvenc A, Kocaman N, Ozer M. Olanzapine-induced renal damage and metabolic side effects: the protective effect of thymoquinone. J Turgut Ozal Med Cent. 2018;25(1):70–5.
  • 22. Klosterman H. J., Lamoureux G. L. PJL. Isolation, characterization, and synthesis of linatine. A vitamin B6 antagonist from flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum). Biochemistry. 1967;6(1):170– 7.
  • 23. Elmowafy AAAE. Study the potential effect of fenugreek and flaxseed seeds on acute renal failure in rats. J Res Fields Specif Educ. 2022;8(42):863–98.
  • 24. Ahmed SM, Abo El-Naga NI, Hussein MM, Bedir AM. Biological Study to Evaluate the Effect of Intake Flaxseed Oil on Kidney Failure Rats. Alexandria Sci Exch J. 2022;43(3):9–19.
  • 25. Bolarinwa IF, Oke MO, Olaniyan SA, Ajala AS. A Review of Cyanogenic Glycosides in Edible Plants. In: Toxicology - New Aspects to This Scientific Conundrum. InTech; 2016. P:179–92.
  • 26. Bilgic S, Armagan I. Effects of misoprostol treatment on doxorubicin induced renal injury in rats. Biotech Histochem. 2020;95(2):113–20.
  • 27. Bilgiç S, Korkmaz DT, Azirak S, Güvenç AN, Kocaman N, Özer MK. Risperidone-Induced Renal Damage and Metabolic Side Effects: The Protective Effect of Resveratrol. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:1–10.
  • 28. Azirak S, Taştemir Korkmaz D, Bilgiç S, Özgöçmen M, Özer MK. Thymoquinone Prevents Valproic Acid-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rat Kidney. Eurasian J Biol Chem Sci. 2022;5(2):77–84.
  • 29. Satarug S, Garrett SH, Sens MA, Sens DA. Cadmium, environmental exposure, and health outcomes. Environ Health Perspect. 2010;118(2):182–90.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

İlkay Armağan 0000-0002-8080-9429

Şükriye Yeşilot 0000-0003-3354-8489

Publication Date March 14, 2023
Submission Date February 3, 2023
Acceptance Date February 27, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 30 Issue: 1

Cite

Vancouver Armağan İ, Yeşilot Ş. EXCESSIVE USE OF FLAXSEED MAY POSE A THREAT TO KIDNEY TISSUE: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY. Med J SDU. 2023;30(1):89-96.

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