Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

COMPARISON OF FACIAL AND EMOTION RECOGNITION SKILLS OF ATHLETES PREPARING FOR THE OLYMPICS AND SEDENTARY PEOPLE: THE ROLE OF PERSONALITY TRAITS

Year 2023, Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 135 - 147, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.1204106

Abstract

The aim of this research is to try to reveal the differences between the facial and emotion recognition skills of athletes who participate in sports at a high level and sedentary. Another aim of the research is to understand whether face and emotion recognition skills are affected by same demographic variables. In addition, the effect of the personality traits of the participants on face and emotion recognition was tried to be understood in the research. A total of 100 (Mage=20.44±2.06) participants, 50 of whom were sedentary and 50 were high level athletes preparing for the Olympics (26 wrestling, 12 canoe sprint and 12 weightlifting). 55 of the participants were male and 45 are female. POFA (Pictures of Facial Affect), designed with the SuperLab 5 program, was used to test the facial and emotion recognition skills of the participants. The 5 Factor Personality Inventory developed by Somer et al. (2001) and the validity and reliability of its short form were performed by Tatar (2005) was used to determine personality traits. IBM SPSS 26.0 Statistics program was used for statistical tests. As a result of the analysis, Olympic athletes have significantly higher scores in facial and emotion recognition skills compared to sedentary individuals. In addition, significant relationships were found between openness sub-dimension and facial and emotion recognition skills among Olympic athletes.

References

  • Abbruzzese, L., Magnani, N., Robertson, I. H., Mancuso, M. (2019). Age and gender differences in emotion recognition. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1-15.
  • Adelmann, P. K., Zajonc, R. B. (1989). Facial efference and the experience of emotion. Annual review of psychology, 40(1), 249-280.
  • Bal, E., Harden, E., Lamb, D., Van Hecke, A. V., Denver, J. W., Porges, S. W. (2010). Emotion recognition in children with autism spectrum disorders: Relations to eye gaze and autonomic state. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 40, 358-370.
  • Baltaş, Z., Baltaş, A., (2000). Beden Dili. İstanbul: Remzi Kitapevi.
  • Bereket, B., Sayalan, K., Zıvalı, M., Aydın, S. (2020). Halkla İlişkilerde Yazma ve Konuşma. Ankara: MEB Mesleki ve Teknik Eğitim Genel Müdürlüğü
  • Boloorizadeh, P., Tojari, F. (2013) Facial expression recognition: Age, gender and exposure duration impact. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 1369-1375.
  • Carton, J. S., Kessler, E. A., Pape, C. L. (1999). Nonverbal decoding skills and relationship well-being in adults. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 23, 91-100.
  • Chai, Z., Mendez-Vazquez, H., He, R., Sun, Z., Tan, T. (2013). Semantic pixel sets based local binary patterns for face recognition. In Computer Vision–ACCV 2012: 11th Asian Conference on Computer Vision, Daejeon, Korea, November 5-9, 2012, Revised Selected Papers, Part II 11 (pp. 639-651). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). The effect size. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 77-83.
  • Çalışkan, N., Yeşil, R. (2005). Eğitim sürecinde öğretmenin beden dili. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 199-207.
  • Demenescu, L. R., Mathiak, K. A., Mathiak, K. (2014). Age-and gender-related variations of emotion recognition in pseudowords and faces. Experimental Aging Research, 40(2), 187-207.
  • Duclos, S. E., Laird, J. D., Schneider, E., Sexter, M., Stern, L., Van Lighten, O. (1989). Emotion-specific effects of facial expressions and postures on emotional experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(1), 100-108
  • Ekman, P. (1964). Body position, facial expression, and verbal behavior during interviews. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68(3), 295.
  • Ekman, P. (1965). Differential communication of affect by head and body cues. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2(5), 726.
  • Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V. (1967). Head and body cues in the judgment of emotion: A reformulation. Perceptual and motor skills, 24(3), 711-724.
  • Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V. (1969a). The repertoire of nonverbal behavior: Categories, origins, usage, and coding. semiotica, 1(1), 49-98.
  • Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V. (1969b). Nonverbal leakage and clues to deception. Psychiatry, 32(1), 88-106.
  • Flack, W. (2006). Peripheral feedback effects of facial expressions, bodily postures, and vocal expressions on emotional feelings. Cognition & Emotion, 20(2), 177-195. Hipp, G., Diederich, N. J., Pieria, V., Vaillant, M. (2014). Primary vision and facial emotion recognition in early Parkinson's disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 338(1-2), 178-182.
  • Gülseven, Z., Kumru, A., Carlo, G., Palermo, F., Selcuk, B., Sayıl, M. (2018). The mediational roles of harsh and responsive parenting in the longitudinal relations between socioeconomic status and Turkish children’s emotional development. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 42(6), 563-573.
  • Jondeau, E., Rockinger, M. (2003). Conditional volatility, skewness, and kurtosis: existence, persistence, and comovements. Journal of Economic dynamics and Control, 27(10), 1699-1737.
  • Hernandez, N., Metzger, A., Magné, R., Bonnet-Brilhault, F., Roux, S., Barthelemy, C., Martineau, J. (2009). Exploration of core features of a human face by healthy and autistic adults analyzed by visual scanning. Neuropsychologia, 47(4), 1004-1012.
  • Işık, U. (2017a). Farklı duyguları tanımada ciddi serbest zamana katılımın ve işitme engelinin rolü (kişilik ve duygusal zeka boyutlarıyla). Doktora tezi, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Anabilim Dalı, Kütahya.
  • Işık, U. (2017b). Egzersiz ve spor psikolojisinde yeni bir uygulama: Pofa (Pictures Of Facial Affect). 15. Spor Bilimleri Kongresi, 15- 18 Kasım 2017.
  • Işık, U. (2019). Spor psikolojisinde yeni yaklaşımlar: Sporda yüz ifadeleri ile duyguların değerlendirilmesi. Ankara: Akademisyen Yayınevi.
  • Işık, U. (2021). Sporun duyguları tanıma üzerindeki etkisi. Spor ve Rekreasyon Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 25-36.
  • Izard, C. E. (1990). Facial expressions and the regulation of emotions. Journal of personality and social psychology, 58(3), 487.
  • James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. New York: Holt.
  • Janelle, C. M., Fawver, B. J., Beatty, G. F. (2020). Emotion and sport performance. Handbook of Sport Psychology, 254-298.
  • Johnston, P. J., McCabe, K., Schall, U. (2003). Differential susceptibility to performance degradation across categories of facial emotion—a model confirmation. Biological Psychology, 63(1), 45-58.
  • Laird, J. D. (1984). The real role of facial response in the experience of emotion: A reply to ourangeau and Ellsworth, and others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 909 917.
  • Matsumoto, D., Willingham, B. (2009). Spontaneous facial expressions of emotion of congenitally and noncongenitally blind individuals. Journal of personality and social psychology, 96(1), 1.
  • McIntosh, D. N. (1996). Facial feedback hypotheses: Evidence, implications, and directions. Motivation and emotion, 20, 121-147.
  • Mienaltowski, A., Lemerise, E. A., Greer, K., Burke, L. (2019). Age-related differences in emotion matching are limited to low intensity expressions. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 26(3), 348-366.
  • Olderbak, S., Wilhelm, O., Hildebrandt, A., Quoidbach, J. (2019). Sex differences in facial emotion perception ability across the lifespan. Cognition and Emotion, 33(3), 579-588.
  • Perlman, S. B., Morris, J. P., Vander Wyk, B. C., Green, S. R., Doyle, J. L., Pelphrey, K. A. (2009). Individual differences in personality predict how people look at faces. PloS one, 4(6), e5952.
  • Philippen, P. B., Bakker, F. C., Oudejans, R. R., Canal-Bruland, R. (2012). The effects of smiling and frowning on perceived affect and exertion while physically active. Journal of Sport Behavior, 35(3). Robazza, C., Ruiz, M. C. (2018). Emotional Self-Regulation in Sport and Performance. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.154
  • Schnall, S., Laird, J. D. (2003). Keep smiling: Enduring effects of facial expressions and postures on emotional experience and memory. Cognition and Emotion, 17, 787-791.
  • Scott, N. J., Kramer, R. S. S., Jones, A. L., Ward, R. (2013). Facial cues to depressive symptoms and their associated personality attributions. Psychiatry Research, 208(1), 47-53.
  • Shin, W., Lin, T. T. C. (2016). Who avoids location-based advertising and why? Investigating the relationship between user perceptions and advertising avoidance. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 444-452.
  • Somer, O., Korkmaz, M., Tatar, A. (2011). Kuramdan uygulamaya beş faktör kişilik modeli ve beş faktör kişilik envanteri:(5FKE). Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi.
  • Soussignan, R. (2002). Duchenne smile, emotional experience, and autonomic reactivity: a test of the facial feedback hypothesis. Emotion, 2(1), 52.
  • Stanley, J. T., Isaacowitz, D. M. (2011). Age-related differences in profiles of mood-change trajectories. Developmental psychology, 47(2), 318.
  • Stepper, S., Strack, F. (1993). Proprioceptive determinants of emotional and nonemotional feelings. Journal of personality and social psychology, 64(2), 211.
  • Sullivan, S., Campbell, A., Hutton, S. B., Ruffman, T. (2017). What’s good for the goose is not good for the gander: Age and gender differences in scanning emotion faces. Journals of Gerontology Series b: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 72(3), 441-447.
  • Tatar, A. (2005). Çok Boyutlu Kişilik Envanteri’nin madde-cevap kuramına göre kısa formunun geliştirilmesi ve psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Doktora tezi, Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Psikoloji Anabilim Dalı, 88-89.
  • Thompson, A. E., Voyer, D. (2014). Sex differences in the ability to recognise non-verbal displays of emotion: A meta-analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 28(7), 1164-1195.
  • Winton, W. M. (1986). The role of facial response in self-reports of emotion: A critique of Laird. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 808-812.

OLİMPİYATLARA HAZIRLANAN SPORCULAR İLE SEDANTER BİREYLERİN YÜZ VE DUYGU TANIMA BECERİLERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI: KİŞİLİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİN ROLÜ

Year 2023, Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 135 - 147, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.1204106

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı, üst düzeyde spora katılım sağlayan sporcular ile sedanter bireylerin yüz ve duygu tanımlama becerileri arasındaki farkları ortaya koymaya çalışmaktır. Yüz ve duygu tanıma becerilerinin bazı demografik değişkenlerden etkilenip etkilenmediği anlamakta araştırmanın bir diğer amacıdır. Ayrıca araştırma içerisinde katılımcıların sahip oldukları kişilik özelliklerinin yüz ve duygu tanıma üzerindeki etkisi de anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışmaya, 50 sedanter ve 50 olimpiyatlara hazırlanan üst düzey sporcu (26 güreş, 12 kano (durgunsu-akarsu) ve 12 halter spor dallarında) olmak üzere toplamda 100 (Ortyas=20,44±2,06) katılımcı katılmıştır. Katılımcıların 55’i erkek 45’i ise kadın katılımcılardan oluşmaktadır. Katılımcıların yüz ve duygu tanıma becerilerini test etmek için SuperLab 5 programı ile dizayn edilen POFA (Pictures of Facial Affect) kullanılmıştır. Kişilik özelliklerini belirlemek amacıyla Somer ve ark., (2001) tarafından geliştirilmiş ve Tatar (2005) tarafından kısa formunun geçerliği ve güvenirliliği yapılmış 5 Faktör Kişilik Envanteri kullanılmıştır. İstatistik testlerin yapılmasında IBM SPSS 26.0 İstatistik programı kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda olimpiyat sporcuları sedanter bireylere oranla yüz ve duygu tanıma becerilerinde anlamlı şekilde daha yüksek skorlar elde etmiştir. Ayrıca olimpiyat sporcuları arasında gelişime açıklık alt boyutu ile yüz ve duygu tanıma becerileri arasında anlamlı ilişkilere rastlanmıştır.

References

  • Abbruzzese, L., Magnani, N., Robertson, I. H., Mancuso, M. (2019). Age and gender differences in emotion recognition. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1-15.
  • Adelmann, P. K., Zajonc, R. B. (1989). Facial efference and the experience of emotion. Annual review of psychology, 40(1), 249-280.
  • Bal, E., Harden, E., Lamb, D., Van Hecke, A. V., Denver, J. W., Porges, S. W. (2010). Emotion recognition in children with autism spectrum disorders: Relations to eye gaze and autonomic state. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 40, 358-370.
  • Baltaş, Z., Baltaş, A., (2000). Beden Dili. İstanbul: Remzi Kitapevi.
  • Bereket, B., Sayalan, K., Zıvalı, M., Aydın, S. (2020). Halkla İlişkilerde Yazma ve Konuşma. Ankara: MEB Mesleki ve Teknik Eğitim Genel Müdürlüğü
  • Boloorizadeh, P., Tojari, F. (2013) Facial expression recognition: Age, gender and exposure duration impact. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 84, 1369-1375.
  • Carton, J. S., Kessler, E. A., Pape, C. L. (1999). Nonverbal decoding skills and relationship well-being in adults. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 23, 91-100.
  • Chai, Z., Mendez-Vazquez, H., He, R., Sun, Z., Tan, T. (2013). Semantic pixel sets based local binary patterns for face recognition. In Computer Vision–ACCV 2012: 11th Asian Conference on Computer Vision, Daejeon, Korea, November 5-9, 2012, Revised Selected Papers, Part II 11 (pp. 639-651). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
  • Cohen, J. (1988). The effect size. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 77-83.
  • Çalışkan, N., Yeşil, R. (2005). Eğitim sürecinde öğretmenin beden dili. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 199-207.
  • Demenescu, L. R., Mathiak, K. A., Mathiak, K. (2014). Age-and gender-related variations of emotion recognition in pseudowords and faces. Experimental Aging Research, 40(2), 187-207.
  • Duclos, S. E., Laird, J. D., Schneider, E., Sexter, M., Stern, L., Van Lighten, O. (1989). Emotion-specific effects of facial expressions and postures on emotional experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(1), 100-108
  • Ekman, P. (1964). Body position, facial expression, and verbal behavior during interviews. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68(3), 295.
  • Ekman, P. (1965). Differential communication of affect by head and body cues. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2(5), 726.
  • Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V. (1967). Head and body cues in the judgment of emotion: A reformulation. Perceptual and motor skills, 24(3), 711-724.
  • Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V. (1969a). The repertoire of nonverbal behavior: Categories, origins, usage, and coding. semiotica, 1(1), 49-98.
  • Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V. (1969b). Nonverbal leakage and clues to deception. Psychiatry, 32(1), 88-106.
  • Flack, W. (2006). Peripheral feedback effects of facial expressions, bodily postures, and vocal expressions on emotional feelings. Cognition & Emotion, 20(2), 177-195. Hipp, G., Diederich, N. J., Pieria, V., Vaillant, M. (2014). Primary vision and facial emotion recognition in early Parkinson's disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 338(1-2), 178-182.
  • Gülseven, Z., Kumru, A., Carlo, G., Palermo, F., Selcuk, B., Sayıl, M. (2018). The mediational roles of harsh and responsive parenting in the longitudinal relations between socioeconomic status and Turkish children’s emotional development. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 42(6), 563-573.
  • Jondeau, E., Rockinger, M. (2003). Conditional volatility, skewness, and kurtosis: existence, persistence, and comovements. Journal of Economic dynamics and Control, 27(10), 1699-1737.
  • Hernandez, N., Metzger, A., Magné, R., Bonnet-Brilhault, F., Roux, S., Barthelemy, C., Martineau, J. (2009). Exploration of core features of a human face by healthy and autistic adults analyzed by visual scanning. Neuropsychologia, 47(4), 1004-1012.
  • Işık, U. (2017a). Farklı duyguları tanımada ciddi serbest zamana katılımın ve işitme engelinin rolü (kişilik ve duygusal zeka boyutlarıyla). Doktora tezi, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Anabilim Dalı, Kütahya.
  • Işık, U. (2017b). Egzersiz ve spor psikolojisinde yeni bir uygulama: Pofa (Pictures Of Facial Affect). 15. Spor Bilimleri Kongresi, 15- 18 Kasım 2017.
  • Işık, U. (2019). Spor psikolojisinde yeni yaklaşımlar: Sporda yüz ifadeleri ile duyguların değerlendirilmesi. Ankara: Akademisyen Yayınevi.
  • Işık, U. (2021). Sporun duyguları tanıma üzerindeki etkisi. Spor ve Rekreasyon Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 25-36.
  • Izard, C. E. (1990). Facial expressions and the regulation of emotions. Journal of personality and social psychology, 58(3), 487.
  • James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. New York: Holt.
  • Janelle, C. M., Fawver, B. J., Beatty, G. F. (2020). Emotion and sport performance. Handbook of Sport Psychology, 254-298.
  • Johnston, P. J., McCabe, K., Schall, U. (2003). Differential susceptibility to performance degradation across categories of facial emotion—a model confirmation. Biological Psychology, 63(1), 45-58.
  • Laird, J. D. (1984). The real role of facial response in the experience of emotion: A reply to ourangeau and Ellsworth, and others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 909 917.
  • Matsumoto, D., Willingham, B. (2009). Spontaneous facial expressions of emotion of congenitally and noncongenitally blind individuals. Journal of personality and social psychology, 96(1), 1.
  • McIntosh, D. N. (1996). Facial feedback hypotheses: Evidence, implications, and directions. Motivation and emotion, 20, 121-147.
  • Mienaltowski, A., Lemerise, E. A., Greer, K., Burke, L. (2019). Age-related differences in emotion matching are limited to low intensity expressions. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 26(3), 348-366.
  • Olderbak, S., Wilhelm, O., Hildebrandt, A., Quoidbach, J. (2019). Sex differences in facial emotion perception ability across the lifespan. Cognition and Emotion, 33(3), 579-588.
  • Perlman, S. B., Morris, J. P., Vander Wyk, B. C., Green, S. R., Doyle, J. L., Pelphrey, K. A. (2009). Individual differences in personality predict how people look at faces. PloS one, 4(6), e5952.
  • Philippen, P. B., Bakker, F. C., Oudejans, R. R., Canal-Bruland, R. (2012). The effects of smiling and frowning on perceived affect and exertion while physically active. Journal of Sport Behavior, 35(3). Robazza, C., Ruiz, M. C. (2018). Emotional Self-Regulation in Sport and Performance. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.154
  • Schnall, S., Laird, J. D. (2003). Keep smiling: Enduring effects of facial expressions and postures on emotional experience and memory. Cognition and Emotion, 17, 787-791.
  • Scott, N. J., Kramer, R. S. S., Jones, A. L., Ward, R. (2013). Facial cues to depressive symptoms and their associated personality attributions. Psychiatry Research, 208(1), 47-53.
  • Shin, W., Lin, T. T. C. (2016). Who avoids location-based advertising and why? Investigating the relationship between user perceptions and advertising avoidance. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 444-452.
  • Somer, O., Korkmaz, M., Tatar, A. (2011). Kuramdan uygulamaya beş faktör kişilik modeli ve beş faktör kişilik envanteri:(5FKE). Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi.
  • Soussignan, R. (2002). Duchenne smile, emotional experience, and autonomic reactivity: a test of the facial feedback hypothesis. Emotion, 2(1), 52.
  • Stanley, J. T., Isaacowitz, D. M. (2011). Age-related differences in profiles of mood-change trajectories. Developmental psychology, 47(2), 318.
  • Stepper, S., Strack, F. (1993). Proprioceptive determinants of emotional and nonemotional feelings. Journal of personality and social psychology, 64(2), 211.
  • Sullivan, S., Campbell, A., Hutton, S. B., Ruffman, T. (2017). What’s good for the goose is not good for the gander: Age and gender differences in scanning emotion faces. Journals of Gerontology Series b: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 72(3), 441-447.
  • Tatar, A. (2005). Çok Boyutlu Kişilik Envanteri’nin madde-cevap kuramına göre kısa formunun geliştirilmesi ve psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Doktora tezi, Ege Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Psikoloji Anabilim Dalı, 88-89.
  • Thompson, A. E., Voyer, D. (2014). Sex differences in the ability to recognise non-verbal displays of emotion: A meta-analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 28(7), 1164-1195.
  • Winton, W. M. (1986). The role of facial response in self-reports of emotion: A critique of Laird. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 808-812.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sports Medicine
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Aslı Diğnem Işık 0000-0003-1189-732X

Nihal Akoğuz Yazıcı 0000-0002-4766-140X

Early Pub Date March 23, 2023
Publication Date March 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 21 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Işık, A. D., & Akoğuz Yazıcı, N. (2023). OLİMPİYATLARA HAZIRLANAN SPORCULAR İLE SEDANTER BİREYLERİN YÜZ VE DUYGU TANIMA BECERİLERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI: KİŞİLİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİN ROLÜ. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 21(1), 135-147. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.1204106

Flag Counter