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Reform Initiatives in the Field of Information and Communication Technologies in the Islamic Republic of Iran

Year 2023, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 27 - 42, 05.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.56400/tarsusiibfdergisi.1277031

Abstract

With its closed economy, Iran has been trying to develop its capacity in many areas within its possibilities and to maintain its power against the outside world. Developments in information and communication technologies in Iran can be cited as an example of this effort. Iran carried out a planned infrastructure development policy in the IT sector after the 1970s. The reflex to combat systematically imposed sanctions and protect the security of the regime has supported national-scale web-based implementation initiatives in Iran. The Information and Communication Technologies Plan (TAKFA), which aims to expand e-government applications in every sector, is the most comprehensive reform initiative. In the process following this program, the National Internet Network Project (SHOMA) was started. In Iran, alternative domestic applications developed on a national scale are used instead of platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, which are widely used internationally. In this study, the reforms made in the field of information and communication technologies in Iran will be analyzed based on the country's unique political conditions and social reflexes.

References

  • Abbasi, A., Niaraki, A., ve Dehkordi, B. (2008). A review of the ICT status and development strategy plan in Iran. International Journal of Education and Development using ICT, 4(3), 143-154.
  • Ahin, T. (2008). İran İslam Cumhuriyetinde kamu yönetimi.(Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Atashak, M., Mahzadeh, P. (2008). E-government status in Iran (TAKFA Plan case study). World Applied Sciences Journal, 4(2), 12-20.
  • Bannister, F., Connolly, R. (2015). The great theory hunt: Does e-government really have a problem?. Government Information Quarterly, 32(1), 1-11.
  • Basu, S. (2004). E‐government and developing countries: an overview. International Review of Law, Computers & Technology, 18(1), 109-132.
  • Bigdeli, A.Z., de Cesare, S. (2011). Barriers to e-Government service delivery in developing countries: The case of Iran. içinde: Carugati, A., Rossignoli, C. (eds) Emerging themes in information systems and organization studies. Physica-Verlag HD. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2739-2_24
  • Borna, T., Seifloo, A. (2014). Electronic government, its environmental and social effects: case of Iran. Journal of Planning, 24(3), 131-138.
  • Bowen, K., Marchant, J. (2015). Internet censorship in Iran: Preventive, interceptive, and reactive. B. Robertson ve J. Marchant (Ed), Revolution decoded: Iran’sdigital landscape içinde (ss. 15–27). http://smallmedia.org.uk/revolutiondecoded.
  • Brown, M. M., Brudney, J., L. (2003). Learning organizations in the public sector? A study of police agencies employing information and technology to advance knowledge. Public Administration Review, 63(1), 30-43.
  • Brown, M. M., Brudney, J., L. (2004). Achieving advanced electronic government services: Opposing environmental constraints. Public Performance & Management Review, 28(1), 96-113.
  • Çahmutoğlu E. (Mart 2021). İran’ın Siber Gücü, İram Yayınları, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350545148_Iran%27in_Siber_Gucu.
  • Dik, E. (2016) “Merkezi Devletin Oluşumu ve Anayasal Gelişmeler”, İran Toplum, Devlet ve Siyaset, Der: Burak Tangör, Ankara: TODAİE, 69-139.
  • Dik, E. (2017). A new way in economy policies of Islamic Republic of Iran: the doctrine of resistance economy.
  • Aydın M., Pınarcıoğlu N.Ş., Uğurlu, Ö. (ed) içinde: Current debates in public finance, public administration & environmental studies (ss.361-371). London: IJOPEC Publication.
  • Esfandiari G. (9 Eylül 2022). Iran Accused of Secretly Implementing Controversial Draft Internet Bill. https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-internet-bill-controversy-secretly-implementing/32026313.html.
  • Gilaninia, S., Mousavian, S. J., Hanifi, E., Omidi, S., Seighalani, F. Z. (2012). E-government development process in Iran. J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res, 2(3), 2865-2871.
  • Hanafizadeh, P., Khosravi, B., Badie, K. (2019). Global discourse on ICT and the shaping of ICT policy in developing countries. Telecommunications Policy, 43(4), 324-338.
  • İran iletişim Başkanından “Ulusal İnternet Projesi” Açıklaması”. (2023, Şubat 24). Tesnim Haber Ajansı, İran
  • Jahangard, N. (2004). TAKFA Iran's Road to Knowledge-based Development, Ministry of Science, Research and Technology Iranian Information and Documentation Center (Research Center), Proceedings of the Meeting workshop on. Tahran.
  • Layne, K., Lee, J. (2001). Developing fully functional E-government: A four stage model. Government information quarterly, 18(2), 122-136.
  • Lynch, M. (2000). The Dialogue of Civilisations and International Public Spheres. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 29(2), 307–330.
  • Nawafleh, S., Obiedat, R., Harfoushi, O. (2012). E-government between developed and developing countries. International Journal of Advanced Corporate Learning (iJAC), 5(1), 8-13.
  • Nicholson, B., Sahay, S. (2003). Building Iran's software industry: an assessment of plans and prospects. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 13(1), 1-19.
  • Peseran E. (2011), Iran’s Struggle for Economic Independence-Reform and counter reform in the Post-Revoultionary Era, New York: Routedge.
  • Reece, B. (2006). E-government literature review. Journal of E-Government 3(1): 69–110
  • Rezazadeh, F., Hamidi, N., Rezazadeh, Z. (2011). A SWOT and PEST analysis of e-Government in Iran. 5th. Symposium on Advances in Science and Technology, Reference Number 38: 1-9.
  • Safari, M. Y. (2019). Yerel yönetimlerde yeni medya uygulamaları ve halkla ilişkiler bir örnek olay olarak Tebriz büyükşehir belediyesi internet sitesi (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Safshekan, R. (2017). Iran and the global politics of internet governance. Journal of Cyber Policy, 2(2), 1-20.
  • Salami M. (20 Mart 2022). Iran’s So-Called “Protection Bill” is an Excuse for Internet Control. https://insidearabia.com/irans-so-called-protection-bill-is-an-excuse-for-internet-control.
  • Savoldelli, A. (2013). Measuring the public value of e-government: the eGEP2. 0 model. Electronic Journal of e-Government, 11(2), 373-388.
  • Savoldelli, A., Codagnone, C., Misuraca, G. (2014). Understanding the e-government paradox: learning from literature and practice on barriers to adoption, Government Information Quarterly, 13(1), 63-S71.
  • Sharifi, H., Zarei, B. (2004). An adaptive approach for implementing e-government in I.R. Iran. Journal of Government Information, 30(5), 600–619.
  • Small Media, Iranian Internet Infrastructure and Policy Report. (2014). http://bit.ly/2H3G8XH.
  • Tajgardoon, M. G., Manzuri Shalmani, M. T., ve Habibi, J. (2016). A knowledge flow framework for e-government in Iran. Information Development, 32(4), 1216-1227.
  • Tohidi, H. (2011). E-government and its different dimensions: Iran. Procedia Computer Science, 3, 1101-1105.
  • United Nations (2002). Bench-marking e-government: a global perspective. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3868821
  • United Nations (2003). Global e-government survey. https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/reports/un-e-government-survey-2003.
  • United Nations (2022a). UN E-Government Knowledgebase: E-Government Development Index. https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/Data-Center
  • United Nations (2022b). UN E-Government Knowledgebase: E-Government Development Index / Iran (Islamic Republic of). https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/Data/Country-Information/id/79-Iran-Islamic-Republic-of
  • Yıldız, M. (2003).Elektronik (e)-devlet kuram ve uygulamasına genel bir bakış ve değerlendirme. M.Acar (Ed). Çağdaş kamu yönetimi I içinde (ss.305-327). Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
  • Zhang, H., Xu, X., Xiao, J. (2014). Diffusion of e-government: A literature review and directions for future directions. Government Information Quarterly, 31(4), 631-636.

İRAN İSLAM CUMHURİYETİ’NDE BİLGİ VE İLETİŞİM TEKNOLOJİLERİ ALANINDAKİ REFORM GİRİŞİMLERİ

Year 2023, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 27 - 42, 05.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.56400/tarsusiibfdergisi.1277031

Abstract

Kapalı ekonomiye sahip İran, birçok alanda kendi olanakları ölçüsünde kapasitesini geliştirmeye ve dış dünyaya karşı gücünü pekiştirmeye çalışmaktadır. İran’da bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerindeki gelişmeler bu çabaya örnek gösterilebilir. İran, 1970’lerden itibaren bilişim sektöründe planlı bir altyapı geliştirme politikası izlemiştir. Sistematik olarak uygulanan yaptırımlara karşı mücadele etme ve rejimin güvenliğini koruma güdüsü, İran’da ağ tabanlı uygulamaların ulusal ölçekte kurulması girişimlerini desteklemiştir. E- devlet uygulamalarını her sektörde yaygınlaştırmayı hedefleyen Bilgi ve İletişim Teknolojileri Planı (TAKFA), reform girişimlerinden en kapsamlı olanıdır. Bu programı takip eden süreçte Milli İnternet Ağı Projesi (SHOMA) başlatılmıştır. Bugün İran’da uluslararası alanda yaygın kullanılan Facebook, Twitter gibi platformlar yerine ulusal ölçekte geliştirilen alternatif yerli uygulamalar kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada İran’da bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri alanında yapılan reformlar, ülkenin kendine özgü politik koşulları ve toplumsal refleksler temelinde analiz edilmeye çalışılacaktır.

References

  • Abbasi, A., Niaraki, A., ve Dehkordi, B. (2008). A review of the ICT status and development strategy plan in Iran. International Journal of Education and Development using ICT, 4(3), 143-154.
  • Ahin, T. (2008). İran İslam Cumhuriyetinde kamu yönetimi.(Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Atashak, M., Mahzadeh, P. (2008). E-government status in Iran (TAKFA Plan case study). World Applied Sciences Journal, 4(2), 12-20.
  • Bannister, F., Connolly, R. (2015). The great theory hunt: Does e-government really have a problem?. Government Information Quarterly, 32(1), 1-11.
  • Basu, S. (2004). E‐government and developing countries: an overview. International Review of Law, Computers & Technology, 18(1), 109-132.
  • Bigdeli, A.Z., de Cesare, S. (2011). Barriers to e-Government service delivery in developing countries: The case of Iran. içinde: Carugati, A., Rossignoli, C. (eds) Emerging themes in information systems and organization studies. Physica-Verlag HD. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-2739-2_24
  • Borna, T., Seifloo, A. (2014). Electronic government, its environmental and social effects: case of Iran. Journal of Planning, 24(3), 131-138.
  • Bowen, K., Marchant, J. (2015). Internet censorship in Iran: Preventive, interceptive, and reactive. B. Robertson ve J. Marchant (Ed), Revolution decoded: Iran’sdigital landscape içinde (ss. 15–27). http://smallmedia.org.uk/revolutiondecoded.
  • Brown, M. M., Brudney, J., L. (2003). Learning organizations in the public sector? A study of police agencies employing information and technology to advance knowledge. Public Administration Review, 63(1), 30-43.
  • Brown, M. M., Brudney, J., L. (2004). Achieving advanced electronic government services: Opposing environmental constraints. Public Performance & Management Review, 28(1), 96-113.
  • Çahmutoğlu E. (Mart 2021). İran’ın Siber Gücü, İram Yayınları, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350545148_Iran%27in_Siber_Gucu.
  • Dik, E. (2016) “Merkezi Devletin Oluşumu ve Anayasal Gelişmeler”, İran Toplum, Devlet ve Siyaset, Der: Burak Tangör, Ankara: TODAİE, 69-139.
  • Dik, E. (2017). A new way in economy policies of Islamic Republic of Iran: the doctrine of resistance economy.
  • Aydın M., Pınarcıoğlu N.Ş., Uğurlu, Ö. (ed) içinde: Current debates in public finance, public administration & environmental studies (ss.361-371). London: IJOPEC Publication.
  • Esfandiari G. (9 Eylül 2022). Iran Accused of Secretly Implementing Controversial Draft Internet Bill. https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-internet-bill-controversy-secretly-implementing/32026313.html.
  • Gilaninia, S., Mousavian, S. J., Hanifi, E., Omidi, S., Seighalani, F. Z. (2012). E-government development process in Iran. J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res, 2(3), 2865-2871.
  • Hanafizadeh, P., Khosravi, B., Badie, K. (2019). Global discourse on ICT and the shaping of ICT policy in developing countries. Telecommunications Policy, 43(4), 324-338.
  • İran iletişim Başkanından “Ulusal İnternet Projesi” Açıklaması”. (2023, Şubat 24). Tesnim Haber Ajansı, İran
  • Jahangard, N. (2004). TAKFA Iran's Road to Knowledge-based Development, Ministry of Science, Research and Technology Iranian Information and Documentation Center (Research Center), Proceedings of the Meeting workshop on. Tahran.
  • Layne, K., Lee, J. (2001). Developing fully functional E-government: A four stage model. Government information quarterly, 18(2), 122-136.
  • Lynch, M. (2000). The Dialogue of Civilisations and International Public Spheres. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 29(2), 307–330.
  • Nawafleh, S., Obiedat, R., Harfoushi, O. (2012). E-government between developed and developing countries. International Journal of Advanced Corporate Learning (iJAC), 5(1), 8-13.
  • Nicholson, B., Sahay, S. (2003). Building Iran's software industry: an assessment of plans and prospects. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 13(1), 1-19.
  • Peseran E. (2011), Iran’s Struggle for Economic Independence-Reform and counter reform in the Post-Revoultionary Era, New York: Routedge.
  • Reece, B. (2006). E-government literature review. Journal of E-Government 3(1): 69–110
  • Rezazadeh, F., Hamidi, N., Rezazadeh, Z. (2011). A SWOT and PEST analysis of e-Government in Iran. 5th. Symposium on Advances in Science and Technology, Reference Number 38: 1-9.
  • Safari, M. Y. (2019). Yerel yönetimlerde yeni medya uygulamaları ve halkla ilişkiler bir örnek olay olarak Tebriz büyükşehir belediyesi internet sitesi (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Safshekan, R. (2017). Iran and the global politics of internet governance. Journal of Cyber Policy, 2(2), 1-20.
  • Salami M. (20 Mart 2022). Iran’s So-Called “Protection Bill” is an Excuse for Internet Control. https://insidearabia.com/irans-so-called-protection-bill-is-an-excuse-for-internet-control.
  • Savoldelli, A. (2013). Measuring the public value of e-government: the eGEP2. 0 model. Electronic Journal of e-Government, 11(2), 373-388.
  • Savoldelli, A., Codagnone, C., Misuraca, G. (2014). Understanding the e-government paradox: learning from literature and practice on barriers to adoption, Government Information Quarterly, 13(1), 63-S71.
  • Sharifi, H., Zarei, B. (2004). An adaptive approach for implementing e-government in I.R. Iran. Journal of Government Information, 30(5), 600–619.
  • Small Media, Iranian Internet Infrastructure and Policy Report. (2014). http://bit.ly/2H3G8XH.
  • Tajgardoon, M. G., Manzuri Shalmani, M. T., ve Habibi, J. (2016). A knowledge flow framework for e-government in Iran. Information Development, 32(4), 1216-1227.
  • Tohidi, H. (2011). E-government and its different dimensions: Iran. Procedia Computer Science, 3, 1101-1105.
  • United Nations (2002). Bench-marking e-government: a global perspective. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3868821
  • United Nations (2003). Global e-government survey. https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/reports/un-e-government-survey-2003.
  • United Nations (2022a). UN E-Government Knowledgebase: E-Government Development Index. https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/Data-Center
  • United Nations (2022b). UN E-Government Knowledgebase: E-Government Development Index / Iran (Islamic Republic of). https://publicadministration.un.org/egovkb/en-us/Data/Country-Information/id/79-Iran-Islamic-Republic-of
  • Yıldız, M. (2003).Elektronik (e)-devlet kuram ve uygulamasına genel bir bakış ve değerlendirme. M.Acar (Ed). Çağdaş kamu yönetimi I içinde (ss.305-327). Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
  • Zhang, H., Xu, X., Xiao, J. (2014). Diffusion of e-government: A literature review and directions for future directions. Government Information Quarterly, 31(4), 631-636.
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Public Administration, Operation
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Esra Dik 0000-0003-0450-5172

Publication Date June 5, 2023
Submission Date April 4, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Dik, E. (2023). İRAN İSLAM CUMHURİYETİ’NDE BİLGİ VE İLETİŞİM TEKNOLOJİLERİ ALANINDAKİ REFORM GİRİŞİMLERİ. Tarsus Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1), 27-42. https://doi.org/10.56400/tarsusiibfdergisi.1277031