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POTASYUM PERMANGANATIN ÇAMUR DEZENTEGRASYONU ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ VE ULTRASONİK ÖN ARITIMLA GELİŞTİRİLMESİ

Year 2016, Volume: 21 Issue: 2, 189 - 200, 20.10.2016
https://doi.org/10.17482/uujfe.20979

Abstract

Çamur dezentegrasyonu, çamurun anaerobik olarak çürütülmesini arttırmak için çamurun flok yapısını bozar ve hücre içeriğini sıvı faza salar. Bu çalışmanın ilk aşamasında, çamur dezentegrasyonu için potasyum permanganatın kullanılması araştırılmıştır. Dezentegrasyon derecesine göre çamur dezentegrasyon verimi değerlendirilmiş ve optimum potasyum permanganat dozu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmanın ikinci kısmında, ultrasonik frekans uygulaması için spesifik enerji değişiminin çamur dezentegrasyonu üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla, 13021 ile 78125 kJ/kgKM aralığında özgül enerji değerleri flok dezentegrasyonu için kullanılmış ve çözünebilir kimyasal oksijen ihtiyacı göz önünde bulundurularak en uygun enerji seviyesi belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlara göre, çamura 500 mg/L potasyum permanganat ilavesi ile 20 dakikalık süre karıştırma sonunda % 37,9 dezentegrasyon derecesi elde edilmiş ve optimum değer olarak kabul edilmiştir. Ultrasonik uygulamada, en yüksek çözünmüş KOİ konsantrasyonu 52083 kJ/kgKM özgül enerji uygulamasında 20 dakika ile elde edilmiştir. Çalışmanın üçüncü aşamasında, birleşik metot olarak, çamura optimum potasyum permanganatdozu ile ultrasonik dezentegrasyonun optimum değeri birlikte uygulanmıştırç. Sonuçlar, potasyum permanganat ve ultrasonik dezentegrasyonun birlikte uygulanmasıyla % 66’lik bir dezentegrasyon derecesi elde edildiğini göstermektedir.

References

  • Alagöz, B.A., Yenigün, O. ve Erdineçler, A. 2015 Enhancement of anaerobic digestion efficiency of wastewater sludge and olive waste: Synergistic effect of co-digestion and ultrasonic/microwave sludge pre-treatment, Waste Management, 46,182-188. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.08.020.
  • APHA, AWWA, WEF. 2005 Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21st ed., American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation, Washington, DC, USA. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.51.6.940-a
  • Barjenbruch, M. ve Kopplow O. 2003 Enzymatic, Mechanical and Thermal Pre-treatment of Surplus Sludge, Advances in Environmental Research, 7, 715–720. doi: 10.1016/S1093-0191(02)00032-1
  • Bougrier, C., Albasi C., Delgen´es J.P. ve Carr´ere, H. 2006 Effect of ultrasonic,thermal and ozone pre-treatments on waste activated sludgesolubilisation and anaerobic biodegradability, Chem Eng Process, 45, 711–718. doi: 10.1016/j.cep.2006.02.005
  • Bougrier C., Carrère H. ve Delgenes J. P. 2005 Solubilisation of Waste-activated Sludge by Ultrasonic Treatment, Chemical Engineering Journal, 106, 163-169. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2004.11.013
  • Chang C., Ying-Shih, M. ve Lo, C. 2002 Application of Oxidation–Reduction Potential as a Controlling Parameter in Waste Activated Sludge Hydrolysis, Chemical Engineering Journal, 90, 273–28. doi: 10.1016/S1385-8947(02)00015-3
  • Chiu, Y.C., Chang, C.N., Lin, J.G. ve Huang, S.J. 1997 Alkaline and ultrasonic pretreatment of sludge before anaerobic digestion, Water Science and Technology, 36 (11), 155–162. doi: 10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00681-1
  • Erden, G. ve Filibeli, A. 2010a Kentsel nitelikli arıtma çamurlarının ultrasonik yöntemle ön arıtımı. itüdergisi/e su kirlenmesi kontrolü, Cilt:20, Sayı:1, 39-48
  • Erden, G. ve Filibeli, A. 2010b Ultrasonic pre-treatment of biological sludge: Consequences for disintegration, anaerobic biodegradability, and filterability, Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 85(1),145 – 150. doi: 10.1002/jctb.2298
  • Ferrer, I., Ponsa, S., Vazquez, F. ve Font, X. 2008 Increasing biogas production by thermal (70 oC) sludge pretreatment prior to thermophilic anaerobic digestion. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 42, 186–192. doi: 10.1016/j.bej.2008.06.020
  • Filibeli, A. ve Kaynak, G.E. 2006 Arıtma çamuru miktarının azaltılması ve özelliklerinin iyileştirilmesi amacıyla yapılan ön işlemler, itüdergisi/e su kirlenmesi kontrolü, Cilt:16, Sayı:1-3, 3-12
  • Hasegawa, S., Shiota, N., Katsura, K. ve Akashi, A. 2000 Solubilization of organic sludge by thermophilic aerobic bacteria as pretreatment for anaerobic digestion, Water Science and Technology, 41 (3), 163–169
  • Kavitha, S., Yukesh Kannah, R., Tae Yeom, I., Do, K-U. ve Rajesh Banu, J. 2015 Combined thermo-chemo-sonic disintegration of waste activated sludge for biogas production, Bioresource Technology, 197,383-392. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.131
  • Kim J.S., Park C.H., Kim T.H., Lee, M., Kim, S., Kim, S.W. ve Lee J. 2003 Effects of various pretreatment for enhanced anaerobic digestion with waste activated sludge, Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 95, 271–275. doi: 10.1016/S1389-1723(03)80028-2
  • Kim, D.-H., Jeong, E., Oh, S.-E. ve Shin, H.-S. 2010 Combined (alkaline + ultrasonic) pretreatment effect on sewage sludge disintegration, Water Research, 44, 3093–3100. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.02.032
  • Kopp, J., Muller, J., Ditchtl, N. ve Schwedes, J. 1997 Anaerobic digestion and dewatering characteristics of mechanically disintegrated excess sludge, Water Science and Technology, 36 (11), 129–136. doi: 10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00694-X
  • Lee, M.J., Kim, T.H., Yoo, G.Y., Min, B.K. ve Hwang, S.J. 2010 Reduction of sewage sludge by ball mill pretreatment and Mn catalytic ozonation,
  • KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 14 (5), 693–697. doi:10.1007/s12205-010-0934-6
  • Li, H., Jin, Y., Mahar, R.B., Wang, Z. ve Nie, Y. 2008 Effects and model of alkaline waste activated sludge treatment, Bioresour. Technol, 99, 5140–5144. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.09.019
  • Montusiewicz, A., Lebiocka, M., Ro Zej, A., Zacharska, E. ve Pawłowski, L. 2010 Freezing/thawing effects on anaerobic digestion of mixed sewage sludge, Bioresource Technology, 101 (10), 3466–3473. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.125
  • Muller J. A. 2000 Disintegration as a Key-Step in Sewage Sludge Treatment, Water Science and Technology, 41, (8) 123–130
  • Rai, C.L. ve Rao, P.G. 2009 Influence of sludge disintegration by high pressure homogenizer on microbial growth in sewage sludge: an approach for excess sludge reduction, Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 11, 437–446. doi: 10.1007/s10098-009-0202-y
  • Şahinkaya, S. 2015 Disintegration of municipal waste activated sludge by simultaneous combination of acid and ultrasonic pretreatment, Process Safety and Environmental Protection,93,201-2015. doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2014.04.002
  • Shehu, M.S., Manan, Z.A. ve Wan Alwi, S.R. 2012 Optimization of thermo-alkaline disintegration of sewage sludge for enhanced biogas yield, Bioresource Technology, 114:69–74. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.135
  • Tanaka, S., Kobayashi, T., Kamiyama, K. ve Bildan, M. L.S., 1997 Effects of thermochemical pre-treatment on the anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge, Wat. Sci. Tech., 8, 209-215. doi:10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00169-8
  • Thiem, A., Nickel, K. ve Neis U. 1997 The use of ultrasound to accelerate the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge, Water Science & Technology, 36 (11), 121–128. doi: 10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00676-8
  • TSE Standardı, 2002, TS 9546 EN 12880- Çamurların Karakterizasyonu- Kuru Kalıntı ve Su Muhtevası Tayini
  • TSE Standardı, 2003, TS EN 12879- Çamurların Özellikleri- Kuru Kütlenin Kızdırma Kaybının Tayini
  • Vranitzky R. ve Lahnsteiner J., 2005 Sewage Sludge Disintegration Using Ozone – A Method of Enhancing the Anaerobic Stabilization of Sewage Sludge, Va Tech Wabah, R&D Process Engineering, Siemensstrasse, 89, A-1211 Vienna, Austria.
  • Wang F., Wang Y. ve Ji M., 2005 Mechanisms and Kinetics Models for Ultrasonic Waste Activated Sludge Disintegration, Journal of Hazardous Materials, B123, 145–150. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.03.033
  • Weemaes, M. ve Verstraete, W. 1998 Evaluation of current wet sludge disintegration techniques, Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 73, 83–92. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4660(1998100)73:2<83::AID-JCTB932>3.0.CO;2-2
  • Weemaes, M., Grootaerd, H., Simoens, F., Huysmans A. ve Verstraete, W. 2000 Ozonation of Sewage Sludge Prior to Anaerobic Digestion, Water Science and Technology, 42, 9, 175–178
  • Wu, C., Zhang, G., Zhang, P. ve Chang, C-C. 2014 Disintegration of excess activated sludge with potassium permanganate:Feasibility, mechanisms and parameter optimization, Chemical Engineering Journal, 240, 420-425. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2013.12.011
  • Yiying J., Huan L., Bux M. R., Zhiyu W. ve Yongfeng N., 2009 Combined alkaline and ultrasonic pretreatment of sludge before aerobic digestion, Journal of Environmental Sciences, 21, 279–284. doi:10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62264-0.
  • Zhang, P., Zhang, G. ve Wang, W. 2007 Ultrasonic treatment of biological sludge: Floc disintegration, cell lysis and inactivation, Bioresource Technology, 98 (1), 207 – 210. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.12.002
  • Zielewicz, E. 2016 Effects of ultrasonic disintegration of excess sewage sludge, Applied Acoustics, 103, 182–189. doi: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2015.05.007
  • Zubrowska-Sudol, M. ve Walczak, J. 2014 Effects of mechanical disintegration of activated sludge on the activity of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria and phosphorus accumulating organisms, Water Research, 61,200-209. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.05.029.

Effects of Potassium Permanganate on Sludge Disintegration and Improving with Ultrasonic Pre-treatment

Year 2016, Volume: 21 Issue: 2, 189 - 200, 20.10.2016
https://doi.org/10.17482/uujfe.20979

Abstract

Sludge disintegration destroys the sludge floc structure and releases the cell contents into the liquid phase to enhance the sludge anaerobic digestion. In the first stage of this study, the usage of potassium permanganate was investigated for sludge disintegration. The efficiency of the sludge disintegration was evaluated in terms of disintegration degree and  the optimum dose of potassium permanganate was determined. In the second stage of the study, the effects of specific energy variability on sludge disintegration were examined for ultrasonic frequency application. For this purpose, the range of 13021-78125 kJ/kgTS of specific energy were used for floc disintegration and the most suitable energy level was determined considering the soluble chemical oxygen demand. According to the results, after the addition of 500 mg/L potassium permanganate to the sludge and stirring during 20 minutes, 37,9 % of disintegration degree was obtained and determined as optimum value. The optimum soluble chemical oxygen demand value for ultrasonic application was obtained for 52083 kJ/kgTS and 20 minutes. In the third stage of the study, the optimal dose of potassium permanganate and optimum ultrasonic disintegration value were applied to the sludge together as a combined method. The results show that 66 of % disintegration degree was achieved for the combined application of potassium permanganate and ultrasonic disintegration.

References

  • Alagöz, B.A., Yenigün, O. ve Erdineçler, A. 2015 Enhancement of anaerobic digestion efficiency of wastewater sludge and olive waste: Synergistic effect of co-digestion and ultrasonic/microwave sludge pre-treatment, Waste Management, 46,182-188. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.08.020.
  • APHA, AWWA, WEF. 2005 Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21st ed., American Public Health Association/American Water Works Association/Water Environment Federation, Washington, DC, USA. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.51.6.940-a
  • Barjenbruch, M. ve Kopplow O. 2003 Enzymatic, Mechanical and Thermal Pre-treatment of Surplus Sludge, Advances in Environmental Research, 7, 715–720. doi: 10.1016/S1093-0191(02)00032-1
  • Bougrier, C., Albasi C., Delgen´es J.P. ve Carr´ere, H. 2006 Effect of ultrasonic,thermal and ozone pre-treatments on waste activated sludgesolubilisation and anaerobic biodegradability, Chem Eng Process, 45, 711–718. doi: 10.1016/j.cep.2006.02.005
  • Bougrier C., Carrère H. ve Delgenes J. P. 2005 Solubilisation of Waste-activated Sludge by Ultrasonic Treatment, Chemical Engineering Journal, 106, 163-169. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2004.11.013
  • Chang C., Ying-Shih, M. ve Lo, C. 2002 Application of Oxidation–Reduction Potential as a Controlling Parameter in Waste Activated Sludge Hydrolysis, Chemical Engineering Journal, 90, 273–28. doi: 10.1016/S1385-8947(02)00015-3
  • Chiu, Y.C., Chang, C.N., Lin, J.G. ve Huang, S.J. 1997 Alkaline and ultrasonic pretreatment of sludge before anaerobic digestion, Water Science and Technology, 36 (11), 155–162. doi: 10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00681-1
  • Erden, G. ve Filibeli, A. 2010a Kentsel nitelikli arıtma çamurlarının ultrasonik yöntemle ön arıtımı. itüdergisi/e su kirlenmesi kontrolü, Cilt:20, Sayı:1, 39-48
  • Erden, G. ve Filibeli, A. 2010b Ultrasonic pre-treatment of biological sludge: Consequences for disintegration, anaerobic biodegradability, and filterability, Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 85(1),145 – 150. doi: 10.1002/jctb.2298
  • Ferrer, I., Ponsa, S., Vazquez, F. ve Font, X. 2008 Increasing biogas production by thermal (70 oC) sludge pretreatment prior to thermophilic anaerobic digestion. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 42, 186–192. doi: 10.1016/j.bej.2008.06.020
  • Filibeli, A. ve Kaynak, G.E. 2006 Arıtma çamuru miktarının azaltılması ve özelliklerinin iyileştirilmesi amacıyla yapılan ön işlemler, itüdergisi/e su kirlenmesi kontrolü, Cilt:16, Sayı:1-3, 3-12
  • Hasegawa, S., Shiota, N., Katsura, K. ve Akashi, A. 2000 Solubilization of organic sludge by thermophilic aerobic bacteria as pretreatment for anaerobic digestion, Water Science and Technology, 41 (3), 163–169
  • Kavitha, S., Yukesh Kannah, R., Tae Yeom, I., Do, K-U. ve Rajesh Banu, J. 2015 Combined thermo-chemo-sonic disintegration of waste activated sludge for biogas production, Bioresource Technology, 197,383-392. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.131
  • Kim J.S., Park C.H., Kim T.H., Lee, M., Kim, S., Kim, S.W. ve Lee J. 2003 Effects of various pretreatment for enhanced anaerobic digestion with waste activated sludge, Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 95, 271–275. doi: 10.1016/S1389-1723(03)80028-2
  • Kim, D.-H., Jeong, E., Oh, S.-E. ve Shin, H.-S. 2010 Combined (alkaline + ultrasonic) pretreatment effect on sewage sludge disintegration, Water Research, 44, 3093–3100. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2010.02.032
  • Kopp, J., Muller, J., Ditchtl, N. ve Schwedes, J. 1997 Anaerobic digestion and dewatering characteristics of mechanically disintegrated excess sludge, Water Science and Technology, 36 (11), 129–136. doi: 10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00694-X
  • Lee, M.J., Kim, T.H., Yoo, G.Y., Min, B.K. ve Hwang, S.J. 2010 Reduction of sewage sludge by ball mill pretreatment and Mn catalytic ozonation,
  • KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 14 (5), 693–697. doi:10.1007/s12205-010-0934-6
  • Li, H., Jin, Y., Mahar, R.B., Wang, Z. ve Nie, Y. 2008 Effects and model of alkaline waste activated sludge treatment, Bioresour. Technol, 99, 5140–5144. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.09.019
  • Montusiewicz, A., Lebiocka, M., Ro Zej, A., Zacharska, E. ve Pawłowski, L. 2010 Freezing/thawing effects on anaerobic digestion of mixed sewage sludge, Bioresource Technology, 101 (10), 3466–3473. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.125
  • Muller J. A. 2000 Disintegration as a Key-Step in Sewage Sludge Treatment, Water Science and Technology, 41, (8) 123–130
  • Rai, C.L. ve Rao, P.G. 2009 Influence of sludge disintegration by high pressure homogenizer on microbial growth in sewage sludge: an approach for excess sludge reduction, Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 11, 437–446. doi: 10.1007/s10098-009-0202-y
  • Şahinkaya, S. 2015 Disintegration of municipal waste activated sludge by simultaneous combination of acid and ultrasonic pretreatment, Process Safety and Environmental Protection,93,201-2015. doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2014.04.002
  • Shehu, M.S., Manan, Z.A. ve Wan Alwi, S.R. 2012 Optimization of thermo-alkaline disintegration of sewage sludge for enhanced biogas yield, Bioresource Technology, 114:69–74. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.135
  • Tanaka, S., Kobayashi, T., Kamiyama, K. ve Bildan, M. L.S., 1997 Effects of thermochemical pre-treatment on the anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge, Wat. Sci. Tech., 8, 209-215. doi:10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00169-8
  • Thiem, A., Nickel, K. ve Neis U. 1997 The use of ultrasound to accelerate the anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge, Water Science & Technology, 36 (11), 121–128. doi: 10.1016/S0273-1223(97)00676-8
  • TSE Standardı, 2002, TS 9546 EN 12880- Çamurların Karakterizasyonu- Kuru Kalıntı ve Su Muhtevası Tayini
  • TSE Standardı, 2003, TS EN 12879- Çamurların Özellikleri- Kuru Kütlenin Kızdırma Kaybının Tayini
  • Vranitzky R. ve Lahnsteiner J., 2005 Sewage Sludge Disintegration Using Ozone – A Method of Enhancing the Anaerobic Stabilization of Sewage Sludge, Va Tech Wabah, R&D Process Engineering, Siemensstrasse, 89, A-1211 Vienna, Austria.
  • Wang F., Wang Y. ve Ji M., 2005 Mechanisms and Kinetics Models for Ultrasonic Waste Activated Sludge Disintegration, Journal of Hazardous Materials, B123, 145–150. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.03.033
  • Weemaes, M. ve Verstraete, W. 1998 Evaluation of current wet sludge disintegration techniques, Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 73, 83–92. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4660(1998100)73:2<83::AID-JCTB932>3.0.CO;2-2
  • Weemaes, M., Grootaerd, H., Simoens, F., Huysmans A. ve Verstraete, W. 2000 Ozonation of Sewage Sludge Prior to Anaerobic Digestion, Water Science and Technology, 42, 9, 175–178
  • Wu, C., Zhang, G., Zhang, P. ve Chang, C-C. 2014 Disintegration of excess activated sludge with potassium permanganate:Feasibility, mechanisms and parameter optimization, Chemical Engineering Journal, 240, 420-425. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2013.12.011
  • Yiying J., Huan L., Bux M. R., Zhiyu W. ve Yongfeng N., 2009 Combined alkaline and ultrasonic pretreatment of sludge before aerobic digestion, Journal of Environmental Sciences, 21, 279–284. doi:10.1016/S1001-0742(08)62264-0.
  • Zhang, P., Zhang, G. ve Wang, W. 2007 Ultrasonic treatment of biological sludge: Floc disintegration, cell lysis and inactivation, Bioresource Technology, 98 (1), 207 – 210. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.12.002
  • Zielewicz, E. 2016 Effects of ultrasonic disintegration of excess sewage sludge, Applied Acoustics, 103, 182–189. doi: 10.1016/j.apacoust.2015.05.007
  • Zubrowska-Sudol, M. ve Walczak, J. 2014 Effects of mechanical disintegration of activated sludge on the activity of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria and phosphorus accumulating organisms, Water Research, 61,200-209. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.05.029.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Özlem Demir

Publication Date October 20, 2016
Submission Date February 19, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 21 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Demir, Ö. (2016). POTASYUM PERMANGANATIN ÇAMUR DEZENTEGRASYONU ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ VE ULTRASONİK ÖN ARITIMLA GELİŞTİRİLMESİ. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(2), 189-200. https://doi.org/10.17482/uujfe.20979
AMA Demir Ö. POTASYUM PERMANGANATIN ÇAMUR DEZENTEGRASYONU ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ VE ULTRASONİK ÖN ARITIMLA GELİŞTİRİLMESİ. UUJFE. November 2016;21(2):189-200. doi:10.17482/uujfe.20979
Chicago Demir, Özlem. “POTASYUM PERMANGANATIN ÇAMUR DEZENTEGRASYONU ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ VE ULTRASONİK ÖN ARITIMLA GELİŞTİRİLMESİ”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi 21, no. 2 (November 2016): 189-200. https://doi.org/10.17482/uujfe.20979.
EndNote Demir Ö (November 1, 2016) POTASYUM PERMANGANATIN ÇAMUR DEZENTEGRASYONU ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ VE ULTRASONİK ÖN ARITIMLA GELİŞTİRİLMESİ. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi 21 2 189–200.
IEEE Ö. Demir, “POTASYUM PERMANGANATIN ÇAMUR DEZENTEGRASYONU ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ VE ULTRASONİK ÖN ARITIMLA GELİŞTİRİLMESİ”, UUJFE, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 189–200, 2016, doi: 10.17482/uujfe.20979.
ISNAD Demir, Özlem. “POTASYUM PERMANGANATIN ÇAMUR DEZENTEGRASYONU ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ VE ULTRASONİK ÖN ARITIMLA GELİŞTİRİLMESİ”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi 21/2 (November 2016), 189-200. https://doi.org/10.17482/uujfe.20979.
JAMA Demir Ö. POTASYUM PERMANGANATIN ÇAMUR DEZENTEGRASYONU ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ VE ULTRASONİK ÖN ARITIMLA GELİŞTİRİLMESİ. UUJFE. 2016;21:189–200.
MLA Demir, Özlem. “POTASYUM PERMANGANATIN ÇAMUR DEZENTEGRASYONU ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ VE ULTRASONİK ÖN ARITIMLA GELİŞTİRİLMESİ”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 21, no. 2, 2016, pp. 189-00, doi:10.17482/uujfe.20979.
Vancouver Demir Ö. POTASYUM PERMANGANATIN ÇAMUR DEZENTEGRASYONU ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ VE ULTRASONİK ÖN ARITIMLA GELİŞTİRİLMESİ. UUJFE. 2016;21(2):189-200.

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