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Convergence Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Per Capita through the Nahar-Inder Technique in Selected European Countries

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2, 534 - 551, 24.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.1032438

Öz

In this study, it was examined whether CO2 emissions, which are the main cause of climate change, show convergence behavior with data for the period of 1946-2019 in 17 European countries. In the study, ADF linear unit root test, LNV (1998), KSS (2003) and Sollis (2009) nonlinear unit root tests and Nahar-Inder (2002) technique which allows convergence even in the case of unit root were used. According to the findings obtained, 12 countries exhibited convergence behavior in ADF test, 6 in LNV (1998) test, 10 in KSS (2003) test and 9 in Sollis (2009) test, while convergence behavior was observed in 16 of 17 countries according to Nahar-Inder (2002) technique. Based on this, it can be said that the Nahar-Inder (2002) technique gives stronger results compared to unit root tests. This determination can be assessed in the form that countries that are parties to international agreements aimed at preventing environmental degradation related to the use of fossil fuels can implement common policies. Within this framework, it is presented as a policy proposal of the study that international agreements on combating climate change should be expanded and provisions and institutions that will increase the power of sanctions should be created.

Kaynakça

  • Agrawala, S. (1998). Structural and Process History of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climatic change, 39(4), 621-642. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005312331477.
  • Andrew, Robbie M., ve Peters, Glen P. (2021). The Global Carbon Project’s Fossil CO2 Emissions dataset (2021v34) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569235.
  • Apergis, N., ve Payne, J. E. (2017). Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions Across US States by Sector and Fossil Fuel Source: Evidence from Club Convergence Tests. Energy Economics, 63, 365-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2016.11.027.
  • Barassi, M. R., Cole, M. A., ve Elliott, R. J. (2008). Stochastic Divergence or Convergence of Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Re-examining the Evidence. Environmental and Resource Economics, 40(1), 121-137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-007-9144-1.
  • Barro, R. J. (1991), “Economic Growth in a Cross-Section of Countries”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2), 407-443.
  • Bernard, A. B., ve Durlauf, S. N. (1996). Interpreting Tests of the Convergence Hypothesis. Journal of econometrics, 71(1-2), 161-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01699-2.
  • Camarero, M., Picazo-Tadeo, A. J., ve Tamarit, C. (2013). Are the Determinants of CO2 Emissions Converging among OECD Countries?. Economics Letters, 118(1), 159-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2012.10.009.
  • Cass, D. (1965). "Optimum Growth in an Aggregative Model of Capital Accumulation," Review of Economic Studies, XXXII, 233-40.
  • Ceylan, R. (2010a). Oecd Ülkelerinde İmalat Sanayinde Birim Emek Maliyetleri Yakınsıyor Mu?. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 28(1), 105-119.
  • Ceylan, R. (2010b). G-7 Ülkelerinin Yakınsama Deneyimi: 1870-2006. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(3), 311-324.
  • Çamurdan, B., ve Ceylan, R. (2013). Convergence Experiences in Emerging Market Economies:(1950-2008). Journal of Yasar University, 8(30), 5105-5122.
  • Engin, B. (2010). İklim Değişikliği ile Mücadelede Uluslararası İşbirliğinin Önemi. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (2), 71-82.
  • Ezcurra, R. (2007). Is there Cross-Country Convergence in Carbon Dioxide Emissions?. Energy policy, 35(2), 1363-1372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.04.006.
  • Gupta, J. (2010). A History of International Climate Change Policy. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 1(5), 636-653. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.67.
  • Haider, S., ve Akram, V. (2019). Club Convergence of Per Capita Carbon Emission: Global Insight from Disaggregated Level Data. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(11), 11074-11086. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04573-9.
  • Handl, G. (2012). Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Declaration), 1972 and the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 1992. United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law, 11.
  • Heil, M. T., ve Selden, T. M. (1999). Panel Stationarity with Structural Breaks: Carbon Emissions and GDP. Applied Economics Letters, 6(4), 223-225. https://doi.org/10.1080/135048599353384.
  • Herrerias, M. J. (2012). CO2 Weighted Convergence across the EU-25 Countries (1920–2007). Applied energy, 92, 9-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.10.034.
  • https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&series=EN.ATM.CO2E.PC&country=# (Erişim Tarihi 10/11/2022).
  • Jobert, T., Karanfil, F., ve Tykhonenko, A. (2010). Convergence of Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the EU: Legend or Reality?. Energy Economics, 32(6), 1364-1373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2010.03.005.
  • Kapetanios, G., Shin, Y., ve Snell, A. (2003). Testing for a Unit Root in the Nonlinear STAR Framework. Journal of econometrics, 112(2), 359-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(02)00202-6.
  • Khezri, M., Heshmati, A., ve Khodaei, M. (2022). Environmental Implications of Economic Complexity and Its Role in Determining How Renewable Energies Affect CO2 Emissions. Applied Energy, 306, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117948.
  • Koopmans, T.C. (1965). "On the Concept of Optimal Economic Growth," In Study Week on the Econometric Approach to Planning, 225-287.
  • Kumbur, H., Özer, Z., Özsoy, H. D., ve Avcı, E. D. (2005). Türkiye’de Geleneksel ve Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Potansiyeli ve Çevresel Etkilerinin Karşılaştırılması. Yeksem 2005, III. Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynakları Sempozyumu ve Sergisi, 19-21.
  • Lee, C. C., ve Chang, C. P. (2008). New Evidence on the Convergence of Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Panel Seemingly Unrelated Regressions Augmented Dickey–Fuller Tests. Energy, 33(9), 1468-1475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2008.05.002.
  • Leybourne, S., Newbold, P., ve Vougas, D. (1998). Unit Roots and Smooth Transitions. Journal of time series analysis, 19(1), 83-97. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9892.00078.
  • Nahar, S., ve Inder, B. (2002). Testing Convergence in Economic Growth for OECD Countries. Applied Economics, 34(16), 2011-2022. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840110117837.
  • Nelson, C. R., ve Plosser, C. R. (1982). Trends and Random Walks in Macroeconomic Time Series: Some Evidence and Implications. Journal of monetary economics, 10(2), 139-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(82)90012-5.
  • OECD Statistics, https://data.oecd.org/industry/tourism-gdp.htm (Erişim Tarihi 10/11/2022).
  • OECD Statistics, https://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=350# (Erişim Tarihi 10/11/2022).
  • Panopoulou, E., ve Pantelidis, T. (2009). Club Convergence in Carbon Dioxide Emissions. Environmental and Resource Economics, 44(1), 47-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-008-9260-6.
  • Paterson, M. (2013). Global Warming and Global Politics. Routledge.
  • Romero-Ávila, D. (2008). Convergence in Carbon Dioxide Emissions among Industrialised Countries Revisited. Energy Economics, 30(5), 2265-2282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2007.06.003.
  • Sala-i-Martin, X. X. (1996). The Classical Approach To Convergence Analysis. The Economic Journal, 1019-1036.
  • SCEP. (1970). Study of critical environmental problems. Man's Impact on the Global Environment, MIT Press.
  • SMIC. (1971). Study on Man’s Impact on Climate, MIT Press.
  • Sollis, R. (2009). A Simple Unit Root Test against Asymmetric STAR Nonlinearity with an Application to Real Exchange Rates in Nordic Countries. Economic modelling, 26(1), 118-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2008.06.002.
  • Solow, R.M. (1956), “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94.
  • Strazicich, M. C., ve List, J. A. (2003). Are CO2 Emission Levels Converging among Industrial Countries?. Environmental and Resource Economics, 24(3), 263-271. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022910701857.
  • Swan, T.W. (1956), “Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation”, Economic Record, November, 32, 334-361.
  • Toronto Conference. (1988). The Changing Atmosphere: Implications for Global Security.
  • UN. (1972). United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, 15 December 1972, A/RES/2994, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f1c840.html (Erişim tarihi 15/11/2021).
  • UN. (1992). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992, available at: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf (Erişim tarihi 15/11/2021).
  • UN. (1997). Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1997, available at: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf (Erişim tarihi 15/11/2021).
  • UN. (2009). Report of the Conference of the Parties on its Fifteenth Session, 7-19 December 2009, available at: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/11a01.pdf (Erişim tarihi 15/11/2021).
  • UN. (2015). Paris Agreement, 2015, avaliable at: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf (Erişim tarihi 15/11/2021).
  • WMO. (1979). Proceedings of the World Climate Conference, available at: https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=8346.
  • Yavuz, N. C., ve Yılancı, V. (2013). Convergence in Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions among G7 Countries: A TAR Panel Unit Root Approach. Environmental and Resource Economics, 54(2), 283-291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-012-9595-x.
  • Yazgan, Ş., ve Karademir, C. (2022). NATO Ülkelerinde Kişi Başı Askeri Harcama Yakınsaması: Nahar-Inder Yakınsama Testinden Kanıtlar. Fiscaoeconomia, 6(3), 1194-1211.
  • Yu, S., Hu, X., Fan, J. L., ve Cheng, J. (2018). Convergence of Carbon Emissions Intensity across Chinese Industrial Sectors. Journal of Cleaner Production, 194, 179-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.121.

Nahar-Inder Tekniği ile Seçili Avrupa Ülkelerinde Kişi Başı Karbondioksit Yakınsama Analizi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2, 534 - 551, 24.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.1032438

Öz

Bu çalışmada iklim değişikliğinin başlıca nedeni olan CO2 salınımlarının 17 Avrupa ülkesinde 1946-2019 dönemine ait verilerle yakınsama davranışı gösterip göstermediği incelenmiştir. Çalışmada ADF doğrusal birim kök testi, LNV (1998), KSS (2003) ve Sollis (2009) doğrusal olmayan birim kök testleri ve birim kök olması durumunda bile yakınsamaya izin veren Nahar-Inder (2002) tekniği kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, ADF testinde 12, LNV (1998) testinde 6, KSS (2003) testinde 10 ve Sollis (2009) testinde 9 ülke yakınsama davranışı sergilerken, Nahar-Inder (2002) tekniğine göre 17 ülkenin 16’sında yakınsama davranışı gözlemlenmiştir. Buradan hareketle Nahar-Inder (2002) tekniğinin birim kök testlerine göre daha güçlü sonuçlar verdiği söylenebilir. Bu tespit, fosil yakıt kullanımına bağlı çevresel bozulmaların önlemesine yönelik uluslararası anlaşmalara taraf olan ülkelerin ortak politikalar uygulayabilecekleri şeklinde değerlendirilebilir. Bu çerçevede iklim değişikliği ile mücadelede uluslararası anlaşmaların genişletilmesi ve yaptırım gücünü artıracak hüküm ve kurumların oluşturulması gerektiği çalışmanın politika önerisi olarak sunulmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Agrawala, S. (1998). Structural and Process History of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climatic change, 39(4), 621-642. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005312331477.
  • Andrew, Robbie M., ve Peters, Glen P. (2021). The Global Carbon Project’s Fossil CO2 Emissions dataset (2021v34) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5569235.
  • Apergis, N., ve Payne, J. E. (2017). Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions Across US States by Sector and Fossil Fuel Source: Evidence from Club Convergence Tests. Energy Economics, 63, 365-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2016.11.027.
  • Barassi, M. R., Cole, M. A., ve Elliott, R. J. (2008). Stochastic Divergence or Convergence of Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions: Re-examining the Evidence. Environmental and Resource Economics, 40(1), 121-137. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-007-9144-1.
  • Barro, R. J. (1991), “Economic Growth in a Cross-Section of Countries”, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2), 407-443.
  • Bernard, A. B., ve Durlauf, S. N. (1996). Interpreting Tests of the Convergence Hypothesis. Journal of econometrics, 71(1-2), 161-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01699-2.
  • Camarero, M., Picazo-Tadeo, A. J., ve Tamarit, C. (2013). Are the Determinants of CO2 Emissions Converging among OECD Countries?. Economics Letters, 118(1), 159-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2012.10.009.
  • Cass, D. (1965). "Optimum Growth in an Aggregative Model of Capital Accumulation," Review of Economic Studies, XXXII, 233-40.
  • Ceylan, R. (2010a). Oecd Ülkelerinde İmalat Sanayinde Birim Emek Maliyetleri Yakınsıyor Mu?. Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 28(1), 105-119.
  • Ceylan, R. (2010b). G-7 Ülkelerinin Yakınsama Deneyimi: 1870-2006. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(3), 311-324.
  • Çamurdan, B., ve Ceylan, R. (2013). Convergence Experiences in Emerging Market Economies:(1950-2008). Journal of Yasar University, 8(30), 5105-5122.
  • Engin, B. (2010). İklim Değişikliği ile Mücadelede Uluslararası İşbirliğinin Önemi. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (2), 71-82.
  • Ezcurra, R. (2007). Is there Cross-Country Convergence in Carbon Dioxide Emissions?. Energy policy, 35(2), 1363-1372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.04.006.
  • Gupta, J. (2010). A History of International Climate Change Policy. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 1(5), 636-653. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.67.
  • Haider, S., ve Akram, V. (2019). Club Convergence of Per Capita Carbon Emission: Global Insight from Disaggregated Level Data. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(11), 11074-11086. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04573-9.
  • Handl, G. (2012). Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Declaration), 1972 and the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 1992. United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law, 11.
  • Heil, M. T., ve Selden, T. M. (1999). Panel Stationarity with Structural Breaks: Carbon Emissions and GDP. Applied Economics Letters, 6(4), 223-225. https://doi.org/10.1080/135048599353384.
  • Herrerias, M. J. (2012). CO2 Weighted Convergence across the EU-25 Countries (1920–2007). Applied energy, 92, 9-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.10.034.
  • https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=2&series=EN.ATM.CO2E.PC&country=# (Erişim Tarihi 10/11/2022).
  • Jobert, T., Karanfil, F., ve Tykhonenko, A. (2010). Convergence of Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the EU: Legend or Reality?. Energy Economics, 32(6), 1364-1373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2010.03.005.
  • Kapetanios, G., Shin, Y., ve Snell, A. (2003). Testing for a Unit Root in the Nonlinear STAR Framework. Journal of econometrics, 112(2), 359-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(02)00202-6.
  • Khezri, M., Heshmati, A., ve Khodaei, M. (2022). Environmental Implications of Economic Complexity and Its Role in Determining How Renewable Energies Affect CO2 Emissions. Applied Energy, 306, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117948.
  • Koopmans, T.C. (1965). "On the Concept of Optimal Economic Growth," In Study Week on the Econometric Approach to Planning, 225-287.
  • Kumbur, H., Özer, Z., Özsoy, H. D., ve Avcı, E. D. (2005). Türkiye’de Geleneksel ve Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Potansiyeli ve Çevresel Etkilerinin Karşılaştırılması. Yeksem 2005, III. Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynakları Sempozyumu ve Sergisi, 19-21.
  • Lee, C. C., ve Chang, C. P. (2008). New Evidence on the Convergence of Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Panel Seemingly Unrelated Regressions Augmented Dickey–Fuller Tests. Energy, 33(9), 1468-1475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2008.05.002.
  • Leybourne, S., Newbold, P., ve Vougas, D. (1998). Unit Roots and Smooth Transitions. Journal of time series analysis, 19(1), 83-97. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9892.00078.
  • Nahar, S., ve Inder, B. (2002). Testing Convergence in Economic Growth for OECD Countries. Applied Economics, 34(16), 2011-2022. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840110117837.
  • Nelson, C. R., ve Plosser, C. R. (1982). Trends and Random Walks in Macroeconomic Time Series: Some Evidence and Implications. Journal of monetary economics, 10(2), 139-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(82)90012-5.
  • OECD Statistics, https://data.oecd.org/industry/tourism-gdp.htm (Erişim Tarihi 10/11/2022).
  • OECD Statistics, https://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=350# (Erişim Tarihi 10/11/2022).
  • Panopoulou, E., ve Pantelidis, T. (2009). Club Convergence in Carbon Dioxide Emissions. Environmental and Resource Economics, 44(1), 47-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-008-9260-6.
  • Paterson, M. (2013). Global Warming and Global Politics. Routledge.
  • Romero-Ávila, D. (2008). Convergence in Carbon Dioxide Emissions among Industrialised Countries Revisited. Energy Economics, 30(5), 2265-2282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2007.06.003.
  • Sala-i-Martin, X. X. (1996). The Classical Approach To Convergence Analysis. The Economic Journal, 1019-1036.
  • SCEP. (1970). Study of critical environmental problems. Man's Impact on the Global Environment, MIT Press.
  • SMIC. (1971). Study on Man’s Impact on Climate, MIT Press.
  • Sollis, R. (2009). A Simple Unit Root Test against Asymmetric STAR Nonlinearity with an Application to Real Exchange Rates in Nordic Countries. Economic modelling, 26(1), 118-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2008.06.002.
  • Solow, R.M. (1956), “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94.
  • Strazicich, M. C., ve List, J. A. (2003). Are CO2 Emission Levels Converging among Industrial Countries?. Environmental and Resource Economics, 24(3), 263-271. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022910701857.
  • Swan, T.W. (1956), “Economic Growth and Capital Accumulation”, Economic Record, November, 32, 334-361.
  • Toronto Conference. (1988). The Changing Atmosphere: Implications for Global Security.
  • UN. (1972). United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, 15 December 1972, A/RES/2994, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f1c840.html (Erişim tarihi 15/11/2021).
  • UN. (1992). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992, available at: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf (Erişim tarihi 15/11/2021).
  • UN. (1997). Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1997, available at: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/kpeng.pdf (Erişim tarihi 15/11/2021).
  • UN. (2009). Report of the Conference of the Parties on its Fifteenth Session, 7-19 December 2009, available at: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/11a01.pdf (Erişim tarihi 15/11/2021).
  • UN. (2015). Paris Agreement, 2015, avaliable at: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf (Erişim tarihi 15/11/2021).
  • WMO. (1979). Proceedings of the World Climate Conference, available at: https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=8346.
  • Yavuz, N. C., ve Yılancı, V. (2013). Convergence in Per Capita Carbon Dioxide Emissions among G7 Countries: A TAR Panel Unit Root Approach. Environmental and Resource Economics, 54(2), 283-291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-012-9595-x.
  • Yazgan, Ş., ve Karademir, C. (2022). NATO Ülkelerinde Kişi Başı Askeri Harcama Yakınsaması: Nahar-Inder Yakınsama Testinden Kanıtlar. Fiscaoeconomia, 6(3), 1194-1211.
  • Yu, S., Hu, X., Fan, J. L., ve Cheng, J. (2018). Convergence of Carbon Emissions Intensity across Chinese Industrial Sectors. Journal of Cleaner Production, 194, 179-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.121.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Çevre Ekonomisi
Bölüm İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler
Yazarlar

Cihat Karademir 0000-0001-9074-0915

Reşat Ceylan 0000-0003-3727-6644

Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 25 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Karademir, C., & Ceylan, R. (2023). Nahar-Inder Tekniği ile Seçili Avrupa Ülkelerinde Kişi Başı Karbondioksit Yakınsama Analizi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 25(2), 534-551. https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.1032438