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The Effects of Different Irrigation Levels and Nitrogen Doses on Growth, Quality and Physiological Parameters of Warm-season Turfgrasses

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 1, 272 - 286, 31.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1029995

Öz

This research was conducted to determine to effects of different irrigation levels and nitrogen doses (ND) on the various warm-season turfgrasses at the Agricultural Training and Research Centre of the Bursa Uludag University Faculty of Agriculture for two years in a row. The experimental design was the randomized blocks in a split-split plot design with three replications. The main plot was irrigation levels (I1=25%, I2=50%, I3=75%, and I4=100% of pan evaporation), subplots were turfgrass species [hybrid Bermudagrass (Cynodon transvaalensis x Cynodon dactylon) cv. Tifdwarf, seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.) cv. Seaspray, zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) cv. Zenit], and sub subplots were ND’s (monthly 0.0, 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 g N m-²). Visual turfgrass color and quality, clipping yield, leaf relative water content (RWC), loss of turgidity (LT), chlorophyll content (CC), and electrolyte leakage were measured. According to the results, significant differences were determined among irrigation levels, turfgrass species, and ND’s for color, quality, clipping yield and physiological parameters. Turfgrass visual color, quality and clipping
yield were shown to decrease significantly with decreases in irrigation water and N fertilizer. The study findings demonstrated that under a non-limiting water supply, irrigation could be decreased by adjusting N fertilizer rates with I3N3 treatments can maintain acceptable turfgrass visual color and quality under Mediterranean climatic conditions. In addition, at 25% (I1) deficit irrigation
level, leaf RWC, CC decreased significantly, while an increase was determined in LT. This research indicated that under 75% (I3) deficit irrigation and N3 ND, acceptable quality can be maintained with ‘seaspray’ seashore paspalum under Mediterranean climate performed.

Destekleyen Kurum

The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey

Proje Numarası

TUBITAK-112O745

Teşekkür

This research was supported by The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK-112O745 Project Leader: Prof. Dr. Uğur BİLGİLİ). The authors thank The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey for financial contribution during this study.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad R, Waraich E A, Ashraf M Y, Ahmad S & Aziz T (2014). Does nitrogen fertilization enhance drought tolerance in sunflower? A review. J. Plant Nutr. 37(6):942–963
  • Allen R G, Wright J L, Pruitt W O, Pereira L S & Jensen M E (2007). Water requirements. In Design and Operation of Farm Irrigation Systems, 2nd Edition (pp. 208-288). American society of agricultural and biological engineers
  • Amgain N R, Harris D K, Thapa S B, Martin D L, Wu Y & Moss J Q (2018). Evapotranspiration rates of turf bermudagrasses under nonlimiting soil moisture conditions in Oklahoma. Crop Science, 58(3), 1409-1415
  • Anonymous (2021). Turkey's Policy on Water Issues https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_s-policy-on-water-issues.en.mfa
  • Arora R, Wisniewski M E & Scorza R (1992). Cold acclimation in genetically related (sibling) deciduous and evergreen peach (Prunus persica [l.] Batsch) I: seasonal changes in cold hardiness and polypeptides of bark and xylem tissues. Plant Physiol 99: 1562-1568
  • Aydinsakir, K., Buyuktas, D., Bastug, R., & Yilmaz, S. (2016). Evapotranspiration and quality characteristics of some bermudagrass turf cultivars under deficit irrigation. Grassland science, 62(4), 224-232
  • Bastug R & Buyuktas D (2003). The effects of different irrigation levels applied in golf courses on some quality characteristics of turfgrass. Irrigation Science, 22(2), 87-93
  • Beard J B (1973). Turfgrass: science and culture Prentice-Hall Inc, New Jersey
  • Beard J B (1981). Water conservation and turfgrasses selection. TurfNews. 4:12
  • Beard, J.B. 2002. Turf management for golf courses. 2nd ed. Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea
  • Benett C G S, Buzetti S & Silva K (2008). Produtividade e composição bromatológica do Capim-Marandu a fontes e doses de nitrogênio. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, v.32, n.5, p.1629-1636
  • Bilgili U, Topac-Sagban F O, Surer I, Caliskan N, Uzun P & Acikgoz E. (2011). Effects of wastewater sludge topdressing on color, quality, and clipping yield of a turfgrass mixture. HortScience, 46(9), 1308-1313
  • Bilgili U & Acikgoz E (2011). Effects of slow-release fertilizers on turf quality in a turf mixture. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 16(2), 130-136
  • Bilgili U & Yonter F (2016). Effects of different sewage sludges on plant growth and turf quality of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, Uludağ Üniversitesi, 30 (Special Issue), 395-400
  • Bilgili U, Zere S & Yonter F (2017). Farklı Azot Dozlarının Bermuda Çimi (Cynodon sp.)’nin Gelişimi ve Çim Kalitesi Üzerine Etkileri. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 20 Sayı: Özel Sayı, 52-59
  • Blackmer T M & Schepers J S (1995). Use of a chlorophyll meter to monitor nitrogen status and schedule fertigation for corn. Journal of production agriculture, 8(1), pp.56-60
  • Blum A & Ebercon A (1981). Cell membrane stability as a measurement of drought and heat tolerance in wheat. Crop Science, 21:43–47
  • Bonos S & Murphy J A (1999). Growth responses and performance of Kentucky bluegrass under summer stress. Crop Science, 39: 770-774
  • Bowman D C (2003). Daily vs. periodic nitrogen addition affects growth and tissue nitrogen in perennial ryegrass turf. Crop science, 43(2), pp.631-638
  • Brown R H, Devitt D A & Morris R L (2004). Water use and physiological response of tall fescue turf to water deficit irrigation in an arid environment. HortScience. 39:388-393
  • Cassel D K & Nielsen D R (1986). Field capacity and available water capacity. Methods of soil analysis: Part 1 Physical and mineralogical methods, 5, 901-926
  • Carrow R N (1996). Drought avoidance characteristics of diverse tall fescue cultivars. Crop Sci. 36:371-377
  • Carrow R N & Duncan R R (2003). Improving drought resistance and persistence in turf‐type tall fescue. Crop science, 43(3), 978-984
  • Carrow R N (2006). Can we maintain turf to customers’ satisfaction with less water? Agric. Water Manage. 80:117–131
  • Cereti C F, Rossini F & Ruggeri R (2009). Reduction of irrigation on tall fescue and Bermudagrass turfs in a Mediterranean environment
  • Chang Z, Liu Y, Dong H, Teng K, Han L & Zhang X (2016). Effects of Cytokinin and Nitrogen on Drought Tolerance of Creeping Bentgrass. Plos One. 11(4):1-19
  • Chylinski W K, Lukaszewska A J & Kutnit K (2007). Drought response of two bedding plants. Acta Physiology Plant, v.29, p.399-406
  • Colmer T D & Barton L (2017). A review of warm‐season turfgrass evapotranspiration, responses to deficit irrigation, and drought resistance. Crop Science, 57(S1), S-98
  • DaCosta M. & Huang B (2006). Deficit irrigation effects on water use characteristics of bentgrass species. Crop Science 46, 1779
  • Doty J A, Braunworth W S, Tan S, Lombard P B & William R D (1990). Evapotranspiration of cool-season grasses grown with minimal maintenance. HortScience, 25(5), 529-531
  • Ebdon J S, Petrovic A M & White R A (1999). Interaction of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on evapotranspiration rate and growth of Kentucky bluegrass. Crop Science, 39(1), 209-218
  • Emekli Y, Bastug R, Buyuktas D & Emekli N Y (2007). Evaluation of a crop water stress index for irrigation scheduling of Bermudagrass. Agricultural water management, 90(3), 205-212
  • Ervin E H & Koski A J (1998). Drought avoidance aspects and crop coefficients of Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue turfs in the semiarid west. Crop Science, 38(3), 788-795
  • Farooq M, Wahid A, Kobayashi N S M A, Fujita D B S M A & Basra S M A (2009). Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management. Sustainable agriculture, 153-188
  • Feldhake C M (1981). Turfgrass evapotranspiration and micro environment interaction: PhD. dissertation. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
  • Feldhake C M, Danielson R E & Butler J D (1983). Turfgrass evapotranspiration. I. factors influencing rate in urban environments 1. Agronomy Journal, 75(5), 824-830
  • Feldhake C M, Danielson R E & Butler J D (1984). Turfgrass evapotranspiration. 11. Responses to deficit irrigation 1. Agronomy Journal, 76(1), 85-89
  • Fu J, Fry J & Huang B (2004). Minimum water requirements of four turfgrasses in the transition zone. HortScience, 39(7), 1740-1744
  • Fu J, Fry J & Huang B (2007a). Growth and carbon metabolism of tall fescue and zoysiagrass as affected by deficit irrigation. HortScience, 42(2), 378-381
  • Fu J, Fry J & Huang B (2007b). Tall fescue rooting as affected by deficit irrigation. HortScience, 42(3), 688-691
  • Fu J & Dernoeden P H (2009). Creeping bentgrass putting green turf responses to two summer irrigation practices: Rooting and soil temperature. Crop science, 49(3), 1063-1070
  • Gibeault V, Meyer J, Autio R & Strohman R (1989). Turfgrass alternatives with low water needs. California agriculture, 43(6), 20-22
  • Gulen H & Eris A (2003). Some physiological changes in strawberry (Fragaria× ananassa ‘Camarosa’) plants under heat stress. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 78(6), 894-898
  • Guo Z, Ou W, Lu S Y & Zhong Q (2006). Differential responses of antioxidative system to chilling and drought in four rice cultivars differing in sensitivity. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 44(11-12), 828-836
  • Huang B, Duncan R R & Carrow R N (1997). Drought‐resistance mechanisms of seven warm‐season turfgrasses under surface soil drying: II. Root aspects. Crop science, 37(6), 1863-1869
  • Huang B, Liu X & Fry J D (1998). Shoot physiological responses of two bentgrass cultivars to high temperature and poor soil aeration. Crop Science, 38(5), 1219-1224
  • Huang B (2008). Mechanisms and strategies for improving drought resistance in turfgrass. Acta Horticulturae, 783, 221
  • Jespersen D, Leclerc M, Zhang G & Raymer P (2019). Drought Performance and Physiological Responses of Bermudagrass and Seashore Paspalum. Crop Sci. 59:778–786
  • Jiang Y & Huang B (2002). Protein alterations in tall fescue in response to drought stress and abscisic acid. Crop science, 42(1), 202-207
  • Jones H G (2004). Irrigation scheduling: advantages and pitfalls of plant-based methods. Journal of experimental botany, 55(407), 2427-2436
  • Kir B, Avcıoglu R, Demircioglu G & Simic A (2010). Performances of some cool season turfgrass species in mediterranean environment: I. Lolium perenne L., Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Poa pratensis L., and Agrostis tenuis Sibth. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 15(2), 174-179
  • Kneebone W R, Kopec D M & Mancino C F (1992). Water requirements and irrigation. Turfgrass, 32, 441-472
  • Kopp K & Guillard K (2002). Clipping management and nitrogen fertilization of turfgrass: growth, nitrogen utilization, and quality. Crop Science, 42, 1225
  • Kussow W R (1987). Fall fertilization of turfgrass: Part II. The practice. Grass Roots, 14, 25-27
  • Lee J H, Trenholm L E & Unruh J B (2009). Physiological responses of warm-season turfgrasses under deficit irrigation. Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science, 23(1), 9-22
  • Leung J & Giraudat J (1998). Abscisic acid signal transduction. Annual review of plant biology, 49(1), 199-222
  • Levitt J (1980). Responses of plants to environmental stresses: Water, radiation, salt, and other stresses, 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Aca¬demic Press, New York
  • Liu J, Xie X, Du J, Sun J & Bai X (2008). Effects of simultaneous drought and heat stress on Kentucky bluegrass. Scientia Horticulturae, 115(2), 190-195
  • Minner D D & Butler J D (1985). Draught tolerance of cool season turfgrasses. In Proceedings of the 5th international turfgrass research conference, Avignon, 199-212
  • Moran R & Porath D (1980). Chlorophyll determination in intact tissues using N, N-dimethylformamide. Plant physiology, 65(3), 478-479
  • National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (2010). How is turfgrass quality evaluated? 1 Jan. 2010. <http://www.ntep.org/reports/ ratings.htm#quality>.
  • Nilsen E T & Orcutt D M (1996). Physiology of plants under stress. Abiotic factors. Physiology of plants under stress. Abiotic factors. John Wiley & Sons, New York
  • Pathan S M, Barton L & Colmer T D (2007). Evaluation of a soil moisture sensor to reduce water and nutrient leaching in turfgrass (Cynodon dactylon cv. Wintergreen). Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 47(2), 215-222
  • Penuelas J, Filella I, Biel C, Serrano L & Save R (1993). The reflectance at the 950–970 nm region as an indicator of plant water status. International journal of remote sensing, 14(10), 1887-1905
  • Pu R, Ge S, Kelly N M & Gong P (2003). Spectral absorption features as indicators of water status in coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) leaves. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 24(9), 1799-1810
  • Qian Y L, Fry J D & Upham W S (1997). Rooting and drought avoidance of warm‐season turfgrasses and tall fescue in Kansas. Crop Science, 37(3), 905-910
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Yıl 2023, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 1, 272 - 286, 31.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1029995

Öz

Proje Numarası

TUBITAK-112O745

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad R, Waraich E A, Ashraf M Y, Ahmad S & Aziz T (2014). Does nitrogen fertilization enhance drought tolerance in sunflower? A review. J. Plant Nutr. 37(6):942–963
  • Allen R G, Wright J L, Pruitt W O, Pereira L S & Jensen M E (2007). Water requirements. In Design and Operation of Farm Irrigation Systems, 2nd Edition (pp. 208-288). American society of agricultural and biological engineers
  • Amgain N R, Harris D K, Thapa S B, Martin D L, Wu Y & Moss J Q (2018). Evapotranspiration rates of turf bermudagrasses under nonlimiting soil moisture conditions in Oklahoma. Crop Science, 58(3), 1409-1415
  • Anonymous (2021). Turkey's Policy on Water Issues https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_s-policy-on-water-issues.en.mfa
  • Arora R, Wisniewski M E & Scorza R (1992). Cold acclimation in genetically related (sibling) deciduous and evergreen peach (Prunus persica [l.] Batsch) I: seasonal changes in cold hardiness and polypeptides of bark and xylem tissues. Plant Physiol 99: 1562-1568
  • Aydinsakir, K., Buyuktas, D., Bastug, R., & Yilmaz, S. (2016). Evapotranspiration and quality characteristics of some bermudagrass turf cultivars under deficit irrigation. Grassland science, 62(4), 224-232
  • Bastug R & Buyuktas D (2003). The effects of different irrigation levels applied in golf courses on some quality characteristics of turfgrass. Irrigation Science, 22(2), 87-93
  • Beard J B (1973). Turfgrass: science and culture Prentice-Hall Inc, New Jersey
  • Beard J B (1981). Water conservation and turfgrasses selection. TurfNews. 4:12
  • Beard, J.B. 2002. Turf management for golf courses. 2nd ed. Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea
  • Benett C G S, Buzetti S & Silva K (2008). Produtividade e composição bromatológica do Capim-Marandu a fontes e doses de nitrogênio. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, v.32, n.5, p.1629-1636
  • Bilgili U, Topac-Sagban F O, Surer I, Caliskan N, Uzun P & Acikgoz E. (2011). Effects of wastewater sludge topdressing on color, quality, and clipping yield of a turfgrass mixture. HortScience, 46(9), 1308-1313
  • Bilgili U & Acikgoz E (2011). Effects of slow-release fertilizers on turf quality in a turf mixture. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 16(2), 130-136
  • Bilgili U & Yonter F (2016). Effects of different sewage sludges on plant growth and turf quality of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, Uludağ Üniversitesi, 30 (Special Issue), 395-400
  • Bilgili U, Zere S & Yonter F (2017). Farklı Azot Dozlarının Bermuda Çimi (Cynodon sp.)’nin Gelişimi ve Çim Kalitesi Üzerine Etkileri. KSÜ Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 20 Sayı: Özel Sayı, 52-59
  • Blackmer T M & Schepers J S (1995). Use of a chlorophyll meter to monitor nitrogen status and schedule fertigation for corn. Journal of production agriculture, 8(1), pp.56-60
  • Blum A & Ebercon A (1981). Cell membrane stability as a measurement of drought and heat tolerance in wheat. Crop Science, 21:43–47
  • Bonos S & Murphy J A (1999). Growth responses and performance of Kentucky bluegrass under summer stress. Crop Science, 39: 770-774
  • Bowman D C (2003). Daily vs. periodic nitrogen addition affects growth and tissue nitrogen in perennial ryegrass turf. Crop science, 43(2), pp.631-638
  • Brown R H, Devitt D A & Morris R L (2004). Water use and physiological response of tall fescue turf to water deficit irrigation in an arid environment. HortScience. 39:388-393
  • Cassel D K & Nielsen D R (1986). Field capacity and available water capacity. Methods of soil analysis: Part 1 Physical and mineralogical methods, 5, 901-926
  • Carrow R N (1996). Drought avoidance characteristics of diverse tall fescue cultivars. Crop Sci. 36:371-377
  • Carrow R N & Duncan R R (2003). Improving drought resistance and persistence in turf‐type tall fescue. Crop science, 43(3), 978-984
  • Carrow R N (2006). Can we maintain turf to customers’ satisfaction with less water? Agric. Water Manage. 80:117–131
  • Cereti C F, Rossini F & Ruggeri R (2009). Reduction of irrigation on tall fescue and Bermudagrass turfs in a Mediterranean environment
  • Chang Z, Liu Y, Dong H, Teng K, Han L & Zhang X (2016). Effects of Cytokinin and Nitrogen on Drought Tolerance of Creeping Bentgrass. Plos One. 11(4):1-19
  • Chylinski W K, Lukaszewska A J & Kutnit K (2007). Drought response of two bedding plants. Acta Physiology Plant, v.29, p.399-406
  • Colmer T D & Barton L (2017). A review of warm‐season turfgrass evapotranspiration, responses to deficit irrigation, and drought resistance. Crop Science, 57(S1), S-98
  • DaCosta M. & Huang B (2006). Deficit irrigation effects on water use characteristics of bentgrass species. Crop Science 46, 1779
  • Doty J A, Braunworth W S, Tan S, Lombard P B & William R D (1990). Evapotranspiration of cool-season grasses grown with minimal maintenance. HortScience, 25(5), 529-531
  • Ebdon J S, Petrovic A M & White R A (1999). Interaction of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on evapotranspiration rate and growth of Kentucky bluegrass. Crop Science, 39(1), 209-218
  • Emekli Y, Bastug R, Buyuktas D & Emekli N Y (2007). Evaluation of a crop water stress index for irrigation scheduling of Bermudagrass. Agricultural water management, 90(3), 205-212
  • Ervin E H & Koski A J (1998). Drought avoidance aspects and crop coefficients of Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue turfs in the semiarid west. Crop Science, 38(3), 788-795
  • Farooq M, Wahid A, Kobayashi N S M A, Fujita D B S M A & Basra S M A (2009). Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management. Sustainable agriculture, 153-188
  • Feldhake C M (1981). Turfgrass evapotranspiration and micro environment interaction: PhD. dissertation. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
  • Feldhake C M, Danielson R E & Butler J D (1983). Turfgrass evapotranspiration. I. factors influencing rate in urban environments 1. Agronomy Journal, 75(5), 824-830
  • Feldhake C M, Danielson R E & Butler J D (1984). Turfgrass evapotranspiration. 11. Responses to deficit irrigation 1. Agronomy Journal, 76(1), 85-89
  • Fu J, Fry J & Huang B (2004). Minimum water requirements of four turfgrasses in the transition zone. HortScience, 39(7), 1740-1744
  • Fu J, Fry J & Huang B (2007a). Growth and carbon metabolism of tall fescue and zoysiagrass as affected by deficit irrigation. HortScience, 42(2), 378-381
  • Fu J, Fry J & Huang B (2007b). Tall fescue rooting as affected by deficit irrigation. HortScience, 42(3), 688-691
  • Fu J & Dernoeden P H (2009). Creeping bentgrass putting green turf responses to two summer irrigation practices: Rooting and soil temperature. Crop science, 49(3), 1063-1070
  • Gibeault V, Meyer J, Autio R & Strohman R (1989). Turfgrass alternatives with low water needs. California agriculture, 43(6), 20-22
  • Gulen H & Eris A (2003). Some physiological changes in strawberry (Fragaria× ananassa ‘Camarosa’) plants under heat stress. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 78(6), 894-898
  • Guo Z, Ou W, Lu S Y & Zhong Q (2006). Differential responses of antioxidative system to chilling and drought in four rice cultivars differing in sensitivity. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 44(11-12), 828-836
  • Huang B, Duncan R R & Carrow R N (1997). Drought‐resistance mechanisms of seven warm‐season turfgrasses under surface soil drying: II. Root aspects. Crop science, 37(6), 1863-1869
  • Huang B, Liu X & Fry J D (1998). Shoot physiological responses of two bentgrass cultivars to high temperature and poor soil aeration. Crop Science, 38(5), 1219-1224
  • Huang B (2008). Mechanisms and strategies for improving drought resistance in turfgrass. Acta Horticulturae, 783, 221
  • Jespersen D, Leclerc M, Zhang G & Raymer P (2019). Drought Performance and Physiological Responses of Bermudagrass and Seashore Paspalum. Crop Sci. 59:778–786
  • Jiang Y & Huang B (2002). Protein alterations in tall fescue in response to drought stress and abscisic acid. Crop science, 42(1), 202-207
  • Jones H G (2004). Irrigation scheduling: advantages and pitfalls of plant-based methods. Journal of experimental botany, 55(407), 2427-2436
  • Kir B, Avcıoglu R, Demircioglu G & Simic A (2010). Performances of some cool season turfgrass species in mediterranean environment: I. Lolium perenne L., Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Poa pratensis L., and Agrostis tenuis Sibth. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 15(2), 174-179
  • Kneebone W R, Kopec D M & Mancino C F (1992). Water requirements and irrigation. Turfgrass, 32, 441-472
  • Kopp K & Guillard K (2002). Clipping management and nitrogen fertilization of turfgrass: growth, nitrogen utilization, and quality. Crop Science, 42, 1225
  • Kussow W R (1987). Fall fertilization of turfgrass: Part II. The practice. Grass Roots, 14, 25-27
  • Lee J H, Trenholm L E & Unruh J B (2009). Physiological responses of warm-season turfgrasses under deficit irrigation. Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science, 23(1), 9-22
  • Leung J & Giraudat J (1998). Abscisic acid signal transduction. Annual review of plant biology, 49(1), 199-222
  • Levitt J (1980). Responses of plants to environmental stresses: Water, radiation, salt, and other stresses, 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Aca¬demic Press, New York
  • Liu J, Xie X, Du J, Sun J & Bai X (2008). Effects of simultaneous drought and heat stress on Kentucky bluegrass. Scientia Horticulturae, 115(2), 190-195
  • Minner D D & Butler J D (1985). Draught tolerance of cool season turfgrasses. In Proceedings of the 5th international turfgrass research conference, Avignon, 199-212
  • Moran R & Porath D (1980). Chlorophyll determination in intact tissues using N, N-dimethylformamide. Plant physiology, 65(3), 478-479
  • National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (2010). How is turfgrass quality evaluated? 1 Jan. 2010. <http://www.ntep.org/reports/ ratings.htm#quality>.
  • Nilsen E T & Orcutt D M (1996). Physiology of plants under stress. Abiotic factors. Physiology of plants under stress. Abiotic factors. John Wiley & Sons, New York
  • Pathan S M, Barton L & Colmer T D (2007). Evaluation of a soil moisture sensor to reduce water and nutrient leaching in turfgrass (Cynodon dactylon cv. Wintergreen). Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 47(2), 215-222
  • Penuelas J, Filella I, Biel C, Serrano L & Save R (1993). The reflectance at the 950–970 nm region as an indicator of plant water status. International journal of remote sensing, 14(10), 1887-1905
  • Pu R, Ge S, Kelly N M & Gong P (2003). Spectral absorption features as indicators of water status in coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) leaves. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 24(9), 1799-1810
  • Qian Y L, Fry J D & Upham W S (1997). Rooting and drought avoidance of warm‐season turfgrasses and tall fescue in Kansas. Crop Science, 37(3), 905-910
  • Salisbury F B & Ross C W (1992). Plant Physiology, Wadsworth Pub. Com., Inc., Belmont, California-USA
  • Salman A & Avcioglu R (2010). Bazı serin iklim çim bitkilerinin farklı gübre dozlarındaki yeşil alan performansları. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 47(3), 309-319
  • Saud S, Fahad S, Yajun C, Ihsan M Z, Hammad H M, Nasim W, Amanullah J, Arif M & Alharby H (2017). Effects of nitrogen supply on water stress and recovery mechanisms in Kentucky bluegrass plants. Frontiers in plant science, 8, 983
  • Sever Mutlu S, Mutlu N, Shearman R C, Gurbuz E, Gulsen O, Hocagil M, Karaguzel O, Heng-Moss T, Riordan T P & Gaussoin R E (2011). Establishment and Turf Qualities of Warm-season Turfgrasses in the Mediterranean Region, HortTechnology hortte, 21(1), 67-81
  • Shearman R C & Beard J B (1973). Environmental and Cultural Preconditioning Effects on the Water Use Rate of Agrostis palustris Huds., Cultivar Penncross 1. Crop Science, 13(4), 424-427
  • Snyder G H, Augustin B J, Davidson J M (1984). Moisture sensor-controlled irrigation for reducing N leaching in bermudagrass turf. Agronomy Journal 76, 964–969
  • Tuzuner A (1990). Toprak ve su analiz laboratuvarları el kitabı. Tarım Orman ve Köy İşleri Bakanlığı, Köy Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, Türkiye
  • Uzun P & Bilgili U (2011). Possibilities of using sewage sludge in agriculture. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, Uludağ Üniversitesi 25.2, 135-146
  • Wang Z & Huang B (2004). Physiological recovery of Kentucky bluegrass from simultaneous drought and heat stress. Crop science, 44(5), 1729-1736
  • Wherley B, Dukes M D, Cathey S, Miller G & Sinclair T (2015). Consumptive water use and crop coefficients for warm-season turfgrass species in the Southeastern United States. Agricultural Water Management, 156, 10-18
  • White R H, Engelke, M C, Morton S J & Ruemmele B A (1992). Competitive turgor maintenance in tall fescue. Crop Science, 32:251-256
  • White R H, Engelke M C, Anderson S J, Ruemmele B A, Marcum K B & Taylor G R (2001). Zoysiagrass water relations. Crop Science, 41(1), 133-138
  • Zere S & Bilgili U (2016). Efficiency of different sewage sludge on growth and turf quality to perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, Uludağ Üniversitesi, 30(Special Issue), 430-435
  • Zhou Y, Lambrides, C J, Kearns R, Ye C & Fukai S. (2012). Water use, water use efficiency and drought resistance among warm-season turfgrasses in shallow soil profiles. Functional plant biology, 39(2), 116-125
Toplam 80 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Fikret Yönter 0000-0002-4813-1611

Sinem Zere Taşkın 0000-0002-2243-2993

Müge Kesici 0000-0001-9533-0800

Burak Nazmi Candoğan 0000-0001-9898-5685

Asuman Cansev 0000-0002-3353-846X

Ugur Bilgili 0000-0003-0801-7678

Proje Numarası TUBITAK-112O745
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 18 Ocak 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Aralık 2021
Kabul Tarihi 24 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 29 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Yönter, F., Zere Taşkın, S., Kesici, M., Candoğan, B. N., vd. (2023). The Effects of Different Irrigation Levels and Nitrogen Doses on Growth, Quality and Physiological Parameters of Warm-season Turfgrasses. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 29(1), 272-286. https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.1029995

Journal of Agricultural Sciences is published open access journal. All articles are published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).