Öz
Egzersizin bilişsel fonksiyonlar üzerine etkileri sıklıkla araştırılan konu başlıklarından biri haline gelmiştir. Buna ek olarak değişen çevresel koşulların insan fizyolojisinde akut değişimler oluşturduğu göz önünde bulundurulduğunda su ortamında gerçekleştirilen egzersize olan yanıtlar merak konusudur. Bu çalışmada kadın profesyonel dalış sporcularının nefes tutma egzersizi sonrası yürütücü fonksiyon ve tepki süreleri değişimlerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmaya profesyonel serbest dalış branşından 7 sağlıklı kadın katılımcı dahil edilmiştir. Katılımcılara uygulanacak olan “2 N-Geri” görevinin öğretilmesi için familarizasyon oturumu, antropometrik ölçümler, maksimal nefes tutma kapasite testi, kara ve su ortamında bilişsel test skorlarının belirlenmesi için karada ve suda nefes tutma egzersiz oturumlarında ölçümler gerçekleştirilmiştir. İstatistiksel değerlendirmeler için IBM SPSS 22 programı kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde tekrarlayan ölçümlerde ANOVA kullanılmıştır. Anlamlılık düzeyi p< 0.05 olarak belirlendi. 2 N-Geri testinin reaksiyon zamanı (RT) sonuçları değerlendirildiğinde, karada nefes tutma egzersizinden hemen sonraki reaksiyon zamanlarının (x̄: 0.59 ± 0.14), kontrol koşulundaki reaksiyon zamanlarına (x̄: 0.47 ± 0.10) göre anlamlı düzeyde uzadığı görülmüştür (p<0.05). N-Back testinin doğru yanıtları arasında ise anlamlı bir farklılık görülmemiştir (p> 0.05). Ayrıca, katılımcıların reaksiyon süreleri ve doğru cevap sayıları arasındaki korelasyon analizinde, su koşulundaki egzersiz sonrası reaksiyon süreleri ve doğru cevap sayıları arasında anlamlı ve güçlü bir negatif korelasyon bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Bu bulgular ışığında suda ve karada gerçekleştirilen nefes tutma egzersizlerinin akut olarak bilişsel fonksiyonları kontrol koşuluna kıyasla istatistiksel ılımlı düzeyde iyileştirdiği, reaksiyon sürelerinin kara koşulunda kontrol koşuluna göre anlamlı düzeyde geliştiği görülmüştür.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Bilişsel Performans Nefes Tutma Egzersizi Dalış Tepki Süresi Egzersiz
Kaynakça
- Akpinar-Elci, M., Fedan, K. B., & Enright, P. L. (2006). FEV6 as a surrogate for FVC in detecting airways obstruction and restriction in the workplace. European Respiratory Journal, 27(2), 374-377
- Ayán, C., Carvalho, P., Varela, S., & Cancela, J. M. (2017). Effects of water-based exercise training on the cognitive function and quality of life of healthy adult women. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 14(11), 899-904
- Bernhardsen, G. P., Stang, J., Halvorsen, T., & Stensrud, T. (2022). Differences in lung function, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and respiratory health between elite athletes competing in different sports. European Journal of Sport Science, 1-10
- Chang, Y. K., Hung, C. L., Huang, C. J., Hatfield, B. D., & Hung, T. M. (2014). Effects of an aquatic exercise program on inhibitory control in children with ADHD: a preliminary study. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 29(3), 217-223.
- Castellani, J. W., & Young, A. J. (2016). Human physiological responses to cold exposure: Acute responses and acclimatization to prolonged exposure. Autonomic Neuroscience, 196, 63-74
- Colcombe, S. J., Erickson, K. I., Scalf, P. E., Kim, J. S., Prakash, R., McAuley, E., ... & Kramer, A. F. (2006). Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 61(11), 1166-1170
- Diniz, C. M. P., Farias, T. L., Pereira, M. C. A., Pires, C. B. R., Gonçalves, L. S. L., Coertjens, P. C., & Coertjens, M. (2014). Chronic adaptations of lung function in breath-hold diving fishermen. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 27, 216-223
- Dronkers, N., & Baldo, J. (2009). Encyclopedia of neuroscience (Vol. 2). L. R. Squire (Ed.). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier
- Erickson, K. I., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., Basak, C., Szabo, A., Chaddock, L., ... & Kramer, A. F. (2011). Exercise training increases the size of the hippocampus and improves memory. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 108(7), 3017-3022
- Giles, D., Barnes, K., Taylor, N., Chidley, C., Chidley, J., Mitchell, J., ... & España-Romero, V. (2021). Anthropometry and performance characteristics of recreational advanced to elite female rock climbers. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(1), 48-56
- Godek, D., & Freeman, A. M. (2021). Physiology, Diving Reflex. 2020 Sep 29. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing
- Guerriero, M., Caminati, M., Viegi, G., Senna, G., Cesana, G., & Pomari, C. (2015). COPD prevalence in a north-eastern Italian general population. Respiratory Medicine, 109(8), 1040-1047
- Günay, E., Güdücü, Ç., & Bediz, C. Ş. (2019). How does isometric exercise affect the haemodynamics of the brain?. Neurol. Sci. Neurophysiol, 36, 33-37
- Hacker, S., Banzer, W., Vogt, L., & Engeroff, T. (2020). Acute effects of aerobic exercise on cognitive attention and memory performance: An investigation on duration-based dose-response relations and the impact of increased arousal levels. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(5), 1380
- Jaeggi, S. M., Studer-Luethi, B., Buschkuehl, M., Su, Y. F., Jonides, J., & Perrig, W. J. (2010). The relationship between n-back performance and matrix reasoning—implications for training and transfer. Intelligence, 38(6), 625-635.
- Lahart, I. M., & Metsios, G. S. (2018). Chronic physiological effects of swim training interventions in non-elite swimmers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports medicine, 48, 337-359.
- Laveneziana, P., Albuquerque, A., Aliverti, A., Babb, T., Barreiro, E., Dres, M., ... & Verges, S. (2019). ERS statement on respiratory muscle testing at rest and during exercise. European Respiratory Journal, 53(6)
- Laursen, C. B., Clive, A., Hallifax, R., Pietersen, P. I., Asciak, R., Davidsen, J. R., ... & Maskell, N. (2021). European Respiratory Society statement on thoracic ultrasound. European Respiratory Journal, 57(3)
- Logie, R. H., & Baddeley, A. D. (1985). Cognitive performance during simulated deep-sea diving. Ergonomics, 28(5), 731-746
- Mancı, E., Günay, E., Güdücü, Ç., Herold, F., & Bediz, C. Ş. (2023). The Effect of the Playing Positions in Basketball on Measures of Cognitive Performance. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement, 1-12
- Mandolesi, L., Gelfo, F., Serra, L., Montuori, S., Polverino, A., Curcio, G., & Sorrentino, G. (2017). Environmental factors promoting neural plasticity: insights from animal and human studies. Neural plasticity, 2017
- Miller, M. R., Crapo, R., Hankinson, J., Brusasco, V., Burgos, F., Casaburi, R., ... & Wanger, J. A. T. S. (2005). General considerations for lung function testing. European Respiratory Journal, 26(1), 153-161
- Patrician, A., Dujić, Ž., Spajić, B., Drviš, I., & Ainslie, P. N. (2021). Breath-hold diving–the physiology of diving deep and returning. Frontiers in physiology, 12, 639377
- Peltonen, G. L., Harrell, J. W., Rousseau, C. L., Ernst, B. S., Marino, M. L., Crain, M. K., & Schrage, W. G. (2015). Cerebrovascular regulation in men and women: stimulus‐specific role of cyclooxygenase. Physiological Reports, 3(7), e12451
- Pendergast, D. R., Moon, R. E., Krasney, J. J., Held, H. E., & Zamparo, P. (2015). Human physiology in an aquatic environment. Compr Physiol, 5(4), 1705-50
- Pourhashemi, S. F., Sahraei, H., Meftahi, G. H., Hatef, B., & Gholipour, B. (2016). The effect of 20 minutes scuba diving on cognitive function of professional scuba divers. Asian journal of sports medicine, 7(3)
- Prakash, K., Chandran, D. S., Khadgawat, R., Jaryal, A. K., & Deepak, K. K. (2014). Correction for blood pressure improves correlation between cerebrovascular reactivity assessed by breath holding and 6% CO2 breathing. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 23(4), 630-635
- Proulx, C. I., Ducharme, M. B., & Kenny, G. P. (2003). Effect of water temperature on cooling efficiency during hyperthermia in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 94(4), 1317-1323
- Raymond, K. A., & Cooper, J. S. (2017). Scuba Diving Physiology
- Sim, Y. S., Lee, J. H., Lee, W. Y., Suh, D. I., Oh, Y. M., Yoon, J. S., ... & Chang, J. H. (2017). Spirometry and bronchodilator test. Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, 80(2), 105-112
- Sharma, R. I., Marcinkowska, A. B., Mankowska, N. D., Waśkow, M., Kot, J., & Winklewski, P. J. (2023). Cognitive Functions in Scuba, Technical and Saturation Diving. Biology, 12(2), 229
- Shoemaker, L. N., Wilson, L. C., Lucas, S. J., Machado, L., Thomas, K. N., & Cotter, J. D. (2019). Swimming‐related effects on cerebrovascular and cognitive function. Physiological reports, 7(20), e14247
- Sugawara, J., Tomoto, T., Lin, H. F., Chen, C. H., & Tanaka, H. (2018). Aortic reservoir function of Japanese female pearl divers. Journal of Applied Physiology, 125(12), 1901-1905.
- Türkmen, D. , Güdücü, Ç. , Bediz, C. & Günay, E. (2022). Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism During Vertical Immersion and In-Water Exercise. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences , 6 (2) , 682-688 . DOI: 10.30621/jbachs.1057262
- Wikipedia (2023, 7th October). Static apnea, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_apnea (07.09.2023)
The Relationship of Diving Training with Executive Functions in the Acute Period in Female Free Divers
Öz
One of the most commonly studied topics is the effects of exercise on cognitive function. Responses to exercise in aquatic environments are of interest given the acute changes that environmental conditions can cause in human physiology. This study aims to investigate the changes in executive function and reaction times of female professional divers after breath holding exercises. The study involved 7 healthy female participants who were engaged in professional free diving. The training sessions included acclimatization to the '2N Back Test', anthropometric measurements, maximum breath holding test and cognitive test results in land and water settings. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS 22. Repeated measures ANOVA was used for pairwise comparisons. The significance level was set at p<0.05. The reaction time results of the '2 N back test' showed that the reaction times (RT) immediately after the on-shore breathing exercise (x̄: 0.59 ± 0.14) were significantly reduced compared to the control condition (x̄: 0.47 ± 0.10) (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the accuracy of the 2 N back test (p> 0.05). Additionally, a significant strong negative correlation was found between reaction times and accuracy following water-based exercise (p<0.05). In conclusion, breath holding exercises performed in water and on land improved cognitive functions at a statistically moderate level compared to the control condition, and reaction times improved significantly in the land condition compared to the control condition.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Executive Function Breath-Holding Exercise Diving Reaction Time Exercise
Kaynakça
- Akpinar-Elci, M., Fedan, K. B., & Enright, P. L. (2006). FEV6 as a surrogate for FVC in detecting airways obstruction and restriction in the workplace. European Respiratory Journal, 27(2), 374-377
- Ayán, C., Carvalho, P., Varela, S., & Cancela, J. M. (2017). Effects of water-based exercise training on the cognitive function and quality of life of healthy adult women. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 14(11), 899-904
- Bernhardsen, G. P., Stang, J., Halvorsen, T., & Stensrud, T. (2022). Differences in lung function, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and respiratory health between elite athletes competing in different sports. European Journal of Sport Science, 1-10
- Chang, Y. K., Hung, C. L., Huang, C. J., Hatfield, B. D., & Hung, T. M. (2014). Effects of an aquatic exercise program on inhibitory control in children with ADHD: a preliminary study. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 29(3), 217-223.
- Castellani, J. W., & Young, A. J. (2016). Human physiological responses to cold exposure: Acute responses and acclimatization to prolonged exposure. Autonomic Neuroscience, 196, 63-74
- Colcombe, S. J., Erickson, K. I., Scalf, P. E., Kim, J. S., Prakash, R., McAuley, E., ... & Kramer, A. F. (2006). Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 61(11), 1166-1170
- Diniz, C. M. P., Farias, T. L., Pereira, M. C. A., Pires, C. B. R., Gonçalves, L. S. L., Coertjens, P. C., & Coertjens, M. (2014). Chronic adaptations of lung function in breath-hold diving fishermen. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 27, 216-223
- Dronkers, N., & Baldo, J. (2009). Encyclopedia of neuroscience (Vol. 2). L. R. Squire (Ed.). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier
- Erickson, K. I., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., Basak, C., Szabo, A., Chaddock, L., ... & Kramer, A. F. (2011). Exercise training increases the size of the hippocampus and improves memory. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 108(7), 3017-3022
- Giles, D., Barnes, K., Taylor, N., Chidley, C., Chidley, J., Mitchell, J., ... & España-Romero, V. (2021). Anthropometry and performance characteristics of recreational advanced to elite female rock climbers. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(1), 48-56
- Godek, D., & Freeman, A. M. (2021). Physiology, Diving Reflex. 2020 Sep 29. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing
- Guerriero, M., Caminati, M., Viegi, G., Senna, G., Cesana, G., & Pomari, C. (2015). COPD prevalence in a north-eastern Italian general population. Respiratory Medicine, 109(8), 1040-1047
- Günay, E., Güdücü, Ç., & Bediz, C. Ş. (2019). How does isometric exercise affect the haemodynamics of the brain?. Neurol. Sci. Neurophysiol, 36, 33-37
- Hacker, S., Banzer, W., Vogt, L., & Engeroff, T. (2020). Acute effects of aerobic exercise on cognitive attention and memory performance: An investigation on duration-based dose-response relations and the impact of increased arousal levels. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(5), 1380
- Jaeggi, S. M., Studer-Luethi, B., Buschkuehl, M., Su, Y. F., Jonides, J., & Perrig, W. J. (2010). The relationship between n-back performance and matrix reasoning—implications for training and transfer. Intelligence, 38(6), 625-635.
- Lahart, I. M., & Metsios, G. S. (2018). Chronic physiological effects of swim training interventions in non-elite swimmers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports medicine, 48, 337-359.
- Laveneziana, P., Albuquerque, A., Aliverti, A., Babb, T., Barreiro, E., Dres, M., ... & Verges, S. (2019). ERS statement on respiratory muscle testing at rest and during exercise. European Respiratory Journal, 53(6)
- Laursen, C. B., Clive, A., Hallifax, R., Pietersen, P. I., Asciak, R., Davidsen, J. R., ... & Maskell, N. (2021). European Respiratory Society statement on thoracic ultrasound. European Respiratory Journal, 57(3)
- Logie, R. H., & Baddeley, A. D. (1985). Cognitive performance during simulated deep-sea diving. Ergonomics, 28(5), 731-746
- Mancı, E., Günay, E., Güdücü, Ç., Herold, F., & Bediz, C. Ş. (2023). The Effect of the Playing Positions in Basketball on Measures of Cognitive Performance. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement, 1-12
- Mandolesi, L., Gelfo, F., Serra, L., Montuori, S., Polverino, A., Curcio, G., & Sorrentino, G. (2017). Environmental factors promoting neural plasticity: insights from animal and human studies. Neural plasticity, 2017
- Miller, M. R., Crapo, R., Hankinson, J., Brusasco, V., Burgos, F., Casaburi, R., ... & Wanger, J. A. T. S. (2005). General considerations for lung function testing. European Respiratory Journal, 26(1), 153-161
- Patrician, A., Dujić, Ž., Spajić, B., Drviš, I., & Ainslie, P. N. (2021). Breath-hold diving–the physiology of diving deep and returning. Frontiers in physiology, 12, 639377
- Peltonen, G. L., Harrell, J. W., Rousseau, C. L., Ernst, B. S., Marino, M. L., Crain, M. K., & Schrage, W. G. (2015). Cerebrovascular regulation in men and women: stimulus‐specific role of cyclooxygenase. Physiological Reports, 3(7), e12451
- Pendergast, D. R., Moon, R. E., Krasney, J. J., Held, H. E., & Zamparo, P. (2015). Human physiology in an aquatic environment. Compr Physiol, 5(4), 1705-50
- Pourhashemi, S. F., Sahraei, H., Meftahi, G. H., Hatef, B., & Gholipour, B. (2016). The effect of 20 minutes scuba diving on cognitive function of professional scuba divers. Asian journal of sports medicine, 7(3)
- Prakash, K., Chandran, D. S., Khadgawat, R., Jaryal, A. K., & Deepak, K. K. (2014). Correction for blood pressure improves correlation between cerebrovascular reactivity assessed by breath holding and 6% CO2 breathing. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 23(4), 630-635
- Proulx, C. I., Ducharme, M. B., & Kenny, G. P. (2003). Effect of water temperature on cooling efficiency during hyperthermia in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 94(4), 1317-1323
- Raymond, K. A., & Cooper, J. S. (2017). Scuba Diving Physiology
- Sim, Y. S., Lee, J. H., Lee, W. Y., Suh, D. I., Oh, Y. M., Yoon, J. S., ... & Chang, J. H. (2017). Spirometry and bronchodilator test. Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, 80(2), 105-112
- Sharma, R. I., Marcinkowska, A. B., Mankowska, N. D., Waśkow, M., Kot, J., & Winklewski, P. J. (2023). Cognitive Functions in Scuba, Technical and Saturation Diving. Biology, 12(2), 229
- Shoemaker, L. N., Wilson, L. C., Lucas, S. J., Machado, L., Thomas, K. N., & Cotter, J. D. (2019). Swimming‐related effects on cerebrovascular and cognitive function. Physiological reports, 7(20), e14247
- Sugawara, J., Tomoto, T., Lin, H. F., Chen, C. H., & Tanaka, H. (2018). Aortic reservoir function of Japanese female pearl divers. Journal of Applied Physiology, 125(12), 1901-1905.
- Türkmen, D. , Güdücü, Ç. , Bediz, C. & Günay, E. (2022). Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism During Vertical Immersion and In-Water Exercise. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences , 6 (2) , 682-688 . DOI: 10.30621/jbachs.1057262
- Wikipedia (2023, 7th October). Static apnea, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_apnea (07.09.2023)
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Antrenman |
| Bölüm | Arşiv |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 25 Ekim 2023 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 29 Ekim 2023 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 9 Ekim 2023 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 25 Ekim 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1-Cumhuriyet'in 100. Yılı Özel Sayısı |
Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.
Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science (MJSS) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.