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Sleep Quality and Nutrition Approaches in Athletes

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 188 - 198, 31.12.2019

Gizem Helvacı Nurcan Yabancı Ayhan

https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.545034

Öz

Good sleep quality for
athletes is important for their optimum performance. Sleep of sufficient time
and quality allows the athlete to accelerate the recovery process after the training,
minimize the risk of injury and boost the immune system. Athletes’ frequent
travels for competitions, the anxiety and stress they experience before the
competition, and changes occurring in the body temperature, blood pressure and
hormone levels due to training may lead to sleep problems. Elimination of
factors that trigger sleep problems is necessary for the athlete to maintain
proper body composition, increase motivation and optimize performance. In addition to a quiet, dark and
comfortable sleep environment, a proper diet program has an effect on sleep
quality. This review discusses the current literature the effects on sleep-wake
cycle of melatonin supplementation, B group vitamins, zinc and magnesium
minerals, alcohol and caffeine in athlete. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Athletes Sleep Quality Nutrient

Kaynakça

  • Abbasi, B., Kimiagar, M., Sadeghniiat, K., Shirazi, M.M., Hedayati, M., & Rashidkhani, B. (2012). The effect of magnesium supplementation on primary insomnia in elderly: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 17, 1161-1169.
  • Allen, G.F.G., Land, J.M., & Heales, S.J.R., (2009). A new perspective on the treatment of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, 97, 6–14.
  • Atkinson, G., Drust, B., Reilly, T., & Waterhouse J. (2003). The relevance of melatonin to sports medicine and science, Sports Medicine, 33, 809-831.
  • Barnes, M.J. (2014). Alcohol: ımpact on sports performance and recovery in male athletes, Sports Medicine, 44, 909-919.
  • Bell, P.G., McHugh, M.P, Stevenson, E., & Howatson, G. (2014). The role of cherries in exercise and health, Scandinavian Journal Medicine Science in Sports, 24, 477-490.
  • Braam, W., van Geijlswijk, I., Keijzer, H., Smits, M.G., Didden, R., & Curfs, L.M.G. (2010). Loss of response to melatonin treatment is associated with slow melatonin metabolism. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54, 547–55.
  • Burke, T.M., Markwald, RR., McHill, A.W., Chinoy, E.D., Snider, J.A., Bessman, S.C., et al. (2015). Effects of caffeine on the human circadian clock in vivo and in vitro, Science Translational Medicine, 7: 1-8.
  • Cherasse, Y., Saito, H., Nagata, N., Aritake, K., Lazarus, M., & Urade, Y. (2015). Zinc-containing yeast extract promotes nonrapid eye movement sleep in mice, Molecular Nutrition and Food Nutrition, 59, 2087-2093.
  • Copenhaver, E.A., Diamond, A.B. (2017) The Value of Sleep on Athletic Performance, Injury, and Recovery in the Young Athlete, Pediatric Annals, Special Issue Article, 46(3):106-111.
  • Ebrahim, I.O., Shapiro, C.M., Williams, A.J., & Fenwick, P.B. (2013). Alcohol and Sleep I: Effects on Normal Sleep. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 37, 539-549.
  • Feng, X., Wang, M., Zhao, Y., Han, P., & Dai, Y. (2014). Melatonin from different fruit sources, functional roles, and analytical methods, Trends in Food Science and Technology, 37, 21-31.
  • Freedman, N.D., Park, Y., Abnet, C.C., Hollenbeck, A.R., & Sinha, R. (2012). Association of coffee drinking with total and cause-specific mortality. The New England Journal of Medicine, 366, 1891–904.
  • George, N.M., Davis, J.E. (2013). Assessing sleep in adolescents through a better understanding of sleep physiology. The American Journal of Nursing, 113, 26-31.
  • Golem, D.L, Martin-Biggers, J.T., Koenings, M.M., Davis, K.F., & Byrd-Bredbenner, C., (2014). An integrative review of sleep for nutrition professionals, Advances in Nutrition, 5, 742–759.
  • Grandner, M.A. (2016). Healthy sleep for student-athletes: A guide for athletics departments and coaches, National Collegiate Athletic Association.
  • Halson, S.L (2014). Sleep in Elite Athletes and Nutritional Interventions to Enhance Sleep. Sport Medicine, 44, S13-S23.
  • Hartter, S., Nordmark, A., Rose, D.M., Bertilsson, L., Tybring, G., & Laine, K. (2003). Effects of caffeine intake on ¨ the pharmacokinetics of melatonin, a probe drug for CYP1A2 activity, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 56, 679– 82.
  • Hashimoto, S., Kohsaka, M., Morita, N., Fukuda, N., Honma, S., & Honma, K. (1996). Vitamin B12 enhances the phase-response of circadian melatonin rhythm to a single bright light exposure in humans, Neuroscience Letters, 220, 129–32.
  • Herxheimer, A., Petrie, KJ. (2002). Melatonin for the prevention and treatment of jet lag, Cochrane Database of Systematic. Reviews 2, CD001520.
  • Host, SC., Valomon, A., & Landolt, H.P. (2016). Sleep pharmacogenetics: personalized sleep-wake therapy, Annual Review of Pharmacology Toxicology 56, 577-603.
  • Howatson, G., Bell, P. G., Tallent, J., Middleton, B., McHugh, M. P., & Ellis, J. (2012). Effect of tart cherry juice (Prunus cerasus) on melatonin levels and enhanced sleep quality, European Journal of Nutrition, 51, 909-916.
  • Iriti, M., Varoni, E.M., & Vitalini, S. (2010). Melatonin in traditional Mediterranean Diets, Journal of Pineal Research, 49, 101-105. Ji, X., Grandner, M.A., Liu, J. (2017). The relationship between micronutrients status and sleep patterns: a systematic review. Public Health Nutrition, 20, 687-701.
  • Juliana, M., Rafaella-Maria, S. (2016). Does Caffeine Enhance Athletic Performance? Arab Journal of Nutrition and Exercise, 1, 52-62.
  • Lee, A., Galvez, J.C. (2012). Jet Lag in Athletes, Sports Health, 4, 211–216.
  • Mazepa, R.C., Cuevas, M.J., Collado, P.S., & Gonzales-Gallego, J. (1999). Melatonin increases muscle and liver glycogen content in nonexercised and exercised rats, Life Sciences, 66, 153–160.
  • Meeking, D.R., Wallace, J.D., Cuneo, R.C., Forsling, M., & Russell-Jones, D.L. (1999). Exercise-induced GH secretion is enhanced by the oral ingestion of melatonin in healthy adult male subjects, European Journal of Endocrinology, 141, 22–26.
  • Meoli, A.L., Rosen, C., Kristo, D., Kohman, M., Gooneratne, N., Aguillard, R.N., et al, (2005). Oral nonprescription treatment for insomnia: an evaluation of products with limited evidence, journal of clinical sleep medicine, 1, 173-187.
  • Mokhlesi, B., Varga, A.W. (2018). Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: REM sleep matters! American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 197, 554-556.
  • Montaruli, A., Galasso, L., Caumo, A., Ce, E., Pesenti, C., Roveda, E., & Esposito, P. (2017). The circadian typology: the role of physical activity and melatonin, Sport Sciences for Health, 13, 469-476.
  • Nedelec, M., Aloulou, A., Duforez, F., Meyer, T., & Dupont, G. (2018). The variability of sleep among elite athletes, Sports Medicine – Open, 4, 34. doi: 10.1186/s40798-018-0151-2.
  • Ordóñez, F.M., Sánchez Oliver, A.J., Bastos, P.C., Guillén, L.S., & Domínguez, R. (2017). Sleep improvement in athletes: use of nutritional supplements, Arch Med Deporte, 34, 93-99.
  • Pennay, A., Lubman, D.I. (2012). Alcohol and energy drinks: a pilot study exploring patterns of consumption, social contexts, benefits and harms, BMC Research Notes 5, 369. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-369. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-369.
  • Peuhkuri, K., Sihvola, N., & Korpela, R. (2012). Diet promotes sleep duration and quality. Nutrition Research, 32, 309-19.
  • Pigeon, W.R., Carr, M., Gorman, C., & Perlis, M.L. (2010). Effects of a tart cherry juice beverage on the sleep of older adults with insomnia: a pilot study. Journal of Medicinal Food, 13, 579-583.
  • Pingitore, A., Lima, G.P.P., Mastorci, F., Quinones, A., Lervasi, G., Vassalle, C. (2015). Exercise and Oxidative Stress: Potential effects of antioxidant dietary strategies in sports. Nutrition, 31, 916-922.
  • Porter, J.M., Horne, J.A. (1981). Bed-time food supplements and sleep: effects of different carbohydrate levels. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 51, 426–33.
  • Reid, K.J., Zee, P.C. (2009). Circadian rhythm disorders. Seminars in Neurology, 29,393-405.
  • Reılly, T. (2009). How can travelling athletes deal with jet-lag? Kinesiology, 41, 128-135.
  • Roehrs, T., Roth, T. (2001). Sleep, Sleepiness, and Alcohol Use, Alcohol Research and Health, 25, 101-109.
  • Rosa, J.P., Rodrigues, D.F., Silva, A., Simim M.A.M., Costa, V.T., Noca, F., et al. (2016). Rio Olympic Games: can the schedule of events compromise athletes’ performance? Chronobiology International, 33, 435- 440.
  • Rupp, T.L., Acebo, C., & Carskadon, M.A. (2007). Evening alcohol suppresses salıvary melatonin in young adults. Chronobiology international, 24, 463-470.
  • Saper, C.B., Scammell, T.E., & Lu, J. (2005). Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms. Nature, 437, 1257–1263.
  • Sassin, J.F., Parker, D.C., Mace, J.W., Gotlin, R.W., Johnson, L.C., & Rossmann, L.G (1969). Human growth hormone release: relation to slow wave sleep and sleep-waking cycles, Science, 165, 513–515. Doi: 10.1126/science.165.3892.513
  • Scott, W.A. (2002). Maximizing performance and the prevention of injuries in competitive athletes. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 1, 184– 190.
  • Shapiro, C.M., Bortz, R., Mitchell, D., Bartel, P., & Jooste, P. (1981) Slow-wave sleep: a recovery period after exercise. Science. 214, 1253–1254.
  • Siegel, J.M. (2005). Clues to the functions of mammalian sleep, Nature, 437, 1264–1271.
  • Sridhar, G.R., Sanjana, N.S.N (2016). Sleep, circadian dysrhythmia, obesity and diabetes. World Journal of Diabetes, 7, 515-522.
  • Tan, D.-X., Manchester, L.C., Esteban-Zubero, E., Zhou, Z., & Reiter, R.J. (2015). Melatonin as a Potent and Inducible Endogenous Antioxidant: Synthesis and Metabolism. Molecules, 20, 18886-18906.
  • Ursing, C., Wikner, J., Brismar, K., & Röjdmark, S. (2003). Caffeine raises the serum melatonin level in healthy subjects: an indication of melatonin metabolism by cytochrome P450(CYP)1A2, Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 26, 403-406.
  • Venter, R. (2008). Sleep for performance and recovery in athletes. Continuing Medical Education, 26, 331-333.
  • Venter, R.E. (2012). Role of sleep in performance and recovery of athletes: a review article, South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 34, 167-184.
  • Watson, A.M. (2017). Sleep and Athletic Performance, Current Sports Medicine Report 16, 413-418.
  • Woolsey, C., Waigandt, A., & Beck, N.C. (2010). Athletes and Energy Drinks: Reported Risk-Taking and Consequences from the Combined Use of Alcohol and Energy Drinks, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 22, 65–71.

Sporcularda Uyku Kalitesi ve Beslenme Yaklaşımları

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 188 - 198, 31.12.2019

Gizem Helvacı Nurcan Yabancı Ayhan

https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.545034

Öz

Sporcular için kaliteli
bir uyku optimum performans için önemlidir. Sporcunun yeterli süre ve kalitede
uyuması antrenman sonrası iyileşme sürecinin hızlanması, yaralanma riskinin en
aza indirilmesi ve bağışıklık sisteminin güçlü tutulmasını sağlar. Sporcuların
müsabakalar için sık sık seyahat etmesi, yarışma öncesi yaşadıkları endişe ve
stres, antrenmana bağlı vücut sıcaklığı, kan basıncı ve hormon düzeylerinde
meydana gelen değişiklikler uyku sorunlarına yol açabilmektedir. Uyku
sorunlarını tetikleyen faktörlerin ortadan kaldırılması sporcunun uygun vücut
bileşiminin korunması, motivasyonunun artması ve performansının en üst düzeye
çıkartılması için gereklidir. Sessiz, karanlık ve rahat bir uyku ortamıyla
birlikte uygun bir beslenme programı uyku kalitesi üzerinde etkilidir. Bu
derleme makalede güncel literatür eşliğinde sporcularda melatonin takviyesi, B
grubu vitaminleri, çinko ve magnezyum mineralleri, alkol ve kafeinin
uyku-uyanıklık döngüsü üzerine etkileri açıklanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

sporcu uyku kalitesi besin

Kaynakça

  • Abbasi, B., Kimiagar, M., Sadeghniiat, K., Shirazi, M.M., Hedayati, M., & Rashidkhani, B. (2012). The effect of magnesium supplementation on primary insomnia in elderly: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 17, 1161-1169.
  • Allen, G.F.G., Land, J.M., & Heales, S.J.R., (2009). A new perspective on the treatment of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, Molecular Genetics and Metabolism, 97, 6–14.
  • Atkinson, G., Drust, B., Reilly, T., & Waterhouse J. (2003). The relevance of melatonin to sports medicine and science, Sports Medicine, 33, 809-831.
  • Barnes, M.J. (2014). Alcohol: ımpact on sports performance and recovery in male athletes, Sports Medicine, 44, 909-919.
  • Bell, P.G., McHugh, M.P, Stevenson, E., & Howatson, G. (2014). The role of cherries in exercise and health, Scandinavian Journal Medicine Science in Sports, 24, 477-490.
  • Braam, W., van Geijlswijk, I., Keijzer, H., Smits, M.G., Didden, R., & Curfs, L.M.G. (2010). Loss of response to melatonin treatment is associated with slow melatonin metabolism. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54, 547–55.
  • Burke, T.M., Markwald, RR., McHill, A.W., Chinoy, E.D., Snider, J.A., Bessman, S.C., et al. (2015). Effects of caffeine on the human circadian clock in vivo and in vitro, Science Translational Medicine, 7: 1-8.
  • Cherasse, Y., Saito, H., Nagata, N., Aritake, K., Lazarus, M., & Urade, Y. (2015). Zinc-containing yeast extract promotes nonrapid eye movement sleep in mice, Molecular Nutrition and Food Nutrition, 59, 2087-2093.
  • Copenhaver, E.A., Diamond, A.B. (2017) The Value of Sleep on Athletic Performance, Injury, and Recovery in the Young Athlete, Pediatric Annals, Special Issue Article, 46(3):106-111.
  • Ebrahim, I.O., Shapiro, C.M., Williams, A.J., & Fenwick, P.B. (2013). Alcohol and Sleep I: Effects on Normal Sleep. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 37, 539-549.
  • Feng, X., Wang, M., Zhao, Y., Han, P., & Dai, Y. (2014). Melatonin from different fruit sources, functional roles, and analytical methods, Trends in Food Science and Technology, 37, 21-31.
  • Freedman, N.D., Park, Y., Abnet, C.C., Hollenbeck, A.R., & Sinha, R. (2012). Association of coffee drinking with total and cause-specific mortality. The New England Journal of Medicine, 366, 1891–904.
  • George, N.M., Davis, J.E. (2013). Assessing sleep in adolescents through a better understanding of sleep physiology. The American Journal of Nursing, 113, 26-31.
  • Golem, D.L, Martin-Biggers, J.T., Koenings, M.M., Davis, K.F., & Byrd-Bredbenner, C., (2014). An integrative review of sleep for nutrition professionals, Advances in Nutrition, 5, 742–759.
  • Grandner, M.A. (2016). Healthy sleep for student-athletes: A guide for athletics departments and coaches, National Collegiate Athletic Association.
  • Halson, S.L (2014). Sleep in Elite Athletes and Nutritional Interventions to Enhance Sleep. Sport Medicine, 44, S13-S23.
  • Hartter, S., Nordmark, A., Rose, D.M., Bertilsson, L., Tybring, G., & Laine, K. (2003). Effects of caffeine intake on ¨ the pharmacokinetics of melatonin, a probe drug for CYP1A2 activity, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 56, 679– 82.
  • Hashimoto, S., Kohsaka, M., Morita, N., Fukuda, N., Honma, S., & Honma, K. (1996). Vitamin B12 enhances the phase-response of circadian melatonin rhythm to a single bright light exposure in humans, Neuroscience Letters, 220, 129–32.
  • Herxheimer, A., Petrie, KJ. (2002). Melatonin for the prevention and treatment of jet lag, Cochrane Database of Systematic. Reviews 2, CD001520.
  • Host, SC., Valomon, A., & Landolt, H.P. (2016). Sleep pharmacogenetics: personalized sleep-wake therapy, Annual Review of Pharmacology Toxicology 56, 577-603.
  • Howatson, G., Bell, P. G., Tallent, J., Middleton, B., McHugh, M. P., & Ellis, J. (2012). Effect of tart cherry juice (Prunus cerasus) on melatonin levels and enhanced sleep quality, European Journal of Nutrition, 51, 909-916.
  • Iriti, M., Varoni, E.M., & Vitalini, S. (2010). Melatonin in traditional Mediterranean Diets, Journal of Pineal Research, 49, 101-105. Ji, X., Grandner, M.A., Liu, J. (2017). The relationship between micronutrients status and sleep patterns: a systematic review. Public Health Nutrition, 20, 687-701.
  • Juliana, M., Rafaella-Maria, S. (2016). Does Caffeine Enhance Athletic Performance? Arab Journal of Nutrition and Exercise, 1, 52-62.
  • Lee, A., Galvez, J.C. (2012). Jet Lag in Athletes, Sports Health, 4, 211–216.
  • Mazepa, R.C., Cuevas, M.J., Collado, P.S., & Gonzales-Gallego, J. (1999). Melatonin increases muscle and liver glycogen content in nonexercised and exercised rats, Life Sciences, 66, 153–160.
  • Meeking, D.R., Wallace, J.D., Cuneo, R.C., Forsling, M., & Russell-Jones, D.L. (1999). Exercise-induced GH secretion is enhanced by the oral ingestion of melatonin in healthy adult male subjects, European Journal of Endocrinology, 141, 22–26.
  • Meoli, A.L., Rosen, C., Kristo, D., Kohman, M., Gooneratne, N., Aguillard, R.N., et al, (2005). Oral nonprescription treatment for insomnia: an evaluation of products with limited evidence, journal of clinical sleep medicine, 1, 173-187.
  • Mokhlesi, B., Varga, A.W. (2018). Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: REM sleep matters! American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 197, 554-556.
  • Montaruli, A., Galasso, L., Caumo, A., Ce, E., Pesenti, C., Roveda, E., & Esposito, P. (2017). The circadian typology: the role of physical activity and melatonin, Sport Sciences for Health, 13, 469-476.
  • Nedelec, M., Aloulou, A., Duforez, F., Meyer, T., & Dupont, G. (2018). The variability of sleep among elite athletes, Sports Medicine – Open, 4, 34. doi: 10.1186/s40798-018-0151-2.
  • Ordóñez, F.M., Sánchez Oliver, A.J., Bastos, P.C., Guillén, L.S., & Domínguez, R. (2017). Sleep improvement in athletes: use of nutritional supplements, Arch Med Deporte, 34, 93-99.
  • Pennay, A., Lubman, D.I. (2012). Alcohol and energy drinks: a pilot study exploring patterns of consumption, social contexts, benefits and harms, BMC Research Notes 5, 369. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-369. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-369.
  • Peuhkuri, K., Sihvola, N., & Korpela, R. (2012). Diet promotes sleep duration and quality. Nutrition Research, 32, 309-19.
  • Pigeon, W.R., Carr, M., Gorman, C., & Perlis, M.L. (2010). Effects of a tart cherry juice beverage on the sleep of older adults with insomnia: a pilot study. Journal of Medicinal Food, 13, 579-583.
  • Pingitore, A., Lima, G.P.P., Mastorci, F., Quinones, A., Lervasi, G., Vassalle, C. (2015). Exercise and Oxidative Stress: Potential effects of antioxidant dietary strategies in sports. Nutrition, 31, 916-922.
  • Porter, J.M., Horne, J.A. (1981). Bed-time food supplements and sleep: effects of different carbohydrate levels. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 51, 426–33.
  • Reid, K.J., Zee, P.C. (2009). Circadian rhythm disorders. Seminars in Neurology, 29,393-405.
  • Reılly, T. (2009). How can travelling athletes deal with jet-lag? Kinesiology, 41, 128-135.
  • Roehrs, T., Roth, T. (2001). Sleep, Sleepiness, and Alcohol Use, Alcohol Research and Health, 25, 101-109.
  • Rosa, J.P., Rodrigues, D.F., Silva, A., Simim M.A.M., Costa, V.T., Noca, F., et al. (2016). Rio Olympic Games: can the schedule of events compromise athletes’ performance? Chronobiology International, 33, 435- 440.
  • Rupp, T.L., Acebo, C., & Carskadon, M.A. (2007). Evening alcohol suppresses salıvary melatonin in young adults. Chronobiology international, 24, 463-470.
  • Saper, C.B., Scammell, T.E., & Lu, J. (2005). Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms. Nature, 437, 1257–1263.
  • Sassin, J.F., Parker, D.C., Mace, J.W., Gotlin, R.W., Johnson, L.C., & Rossmann, L.G (1969). Human growth hormone release: relation to slow wave sleep and sleep-waking cycles, Science, 165, 513–515. Doi: 10.1126/science.165.3892.513
  • Scott, W.A. (2002). Maximizing performance and the prevention of injuries in competitive athletes. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 1, 184– 190.
  • Shapiro, C.M., Bortz, R., Mitchell, D., Bartel, P., & Jooste, P. (1981) Slow-wave sleep: a recovery period after exercise. Science. 214, 1253–1254.
  • Siegel, J.M. (2005). Clues to the functions of mammalian sleep, Nature, 437, 1264–1271.
  • Sridhar, G.R., Sanjana, N.S.N (2016). Sleep, circadian dysrhythmia, obesity and diabetes. World Journal of Diabetes, 7, 515-522.
  • Tan, D.-X., Manchester, L.C., Esteban-Zubero, E., Zhou, Z., & Reiter, R.J. (2015). Melatonin as a Potent and Inducible Endogenous Antioxidant: Synthesis and Metabolism. Molecules, 20, 18886-18906.
  • Ursing, C., Wikner, J., Brismar, K., & Röjdmark, S. (2003). Caffeine raises the serum melatonin level in healthy subjects: an indication of melatonin metabolism by cytochrome P450(CYP)1A2, Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 26, 403-406.
  • Venter, R. (2008). Sleep for performance and recovery in athletes. Continuing Medical Education, 26, 331-333.
  • Venter, R.E. (2012). Role of sleep in performance and recovery of athletes: a review article, South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 34, 167-184.
  • Watson, A.M. (2017). Sleep and Athletic Performance, Current Sports Medicine Report 16, 413-418.
  • Woolsey, C., Waigandt, A., & Beck, N.C. (2010). Athletes and Energy Drinks: Reported Risk-Taking and Consequences from the Combined Use of Alcohol and Energy Drinks, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 22, 65–71.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Spor Hekimliği
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Gizem Helvacı 0000-0001-8654-9245

Nurcan Yabancı Ayhan Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-1233-246X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Mart 2019
Kabul Tarihi 2 Ekim 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Helvacı, G., & Yabancı Ayhan, N. (2019). Sporcularda Uyku Kalitesi ve Beslenme Yaklaşımları. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(2), 188-198. https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.545034
AMA Helvacı G, Yabancı Ayhan N. Sporcularda Uyku Kalitesi ve Beslenme Yaklaşımları. CBÜ BESBD. Aralık 2019;14(2):188-198. doi:10.33459/cbubesbd.545034
Chicago Helvacı, Gizem, ve Nurcan Yabancı Ayhan. “Sporcularda Uyku Kalitesi Ve Beslenme Yaklaşımları”. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 14, sy. 2 (Aralık 2019): 188-98. https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.545034.
EndNote Helvacı G, Yabancı Ayhan N (01 Aralık 2019) Sporcularda Uyku Kalitesi ve Beslenme Yaklaşımları. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 14 2 188–198.
IEEE G. Helvacı ve N. Yabancı Ayhan, “Sporcularda Uyku Kalitesi ve Beslenme Yaklaşımları”, CBÜ BESBD, c. 14, sy. 2, ss. 188–198, 2019, doi: 10.33459/cbubesbd.545034.
ISNAD Helvacı, Gizem - Yabancı Ayhan, Nurcan. “Sporcularda Uyku Kalitesi Ve Beslenme Yaklaşımları”. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 14/2 (Aralık 2019), 188-198. https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.545034.
JAMA Helvacı G, Yabancı Ayhan N. Sporcularda Uyku Kalitesi ve Beslenme Yaklaşımları. CBÜ BESBD. 2019;14:188–198.
MLA Helvacı, Gizem ve Nurcan Yabancı Ayhan. “Sporcularda Uyku Kalitesi Ve Beslenme Yaklaşımları”. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 14, sy. 2, 2019, ss. 188-9, doi:10.33459/cbubesbd.545034.
Vancouver Helvacı G, Yabancı Ayhan N. Sporcularda Uyku Kalitesi ve Beslenme Yaklaşımları. CBÜ BESBD. 2019;14(2):188-9.
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