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SPORDA BEYİN SARSINTISININ (CONCUSSION) ETKİLERİ: SİSTEMATİK DERLEME

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 4, 14 - 27, 30.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.792020

Öz

Amerikan futbolu, ragbi, boks, kick boks (K1) ve bu sporlara benzer temas sporlarında, beyin sarsıntısı riski darbeler ve çarpışmalardan dolayı çok fazla görülmektedir. Oluşan beyin sarsıntıları, taşıdığı riskler ve tedavi yöntemleriyle ilgili bilgiler sınırlıdır. Araştırmanın amacı, beyin sarsıntısının nedenleri-sonuçları, bazı sporlardaki etkileri ve sakatlanma oranlarını inceleyip, yapılan araştırmalarla ilgili derleme sunabilmektir. Çalışmada, PubMed, Google Scholar, Ankara ve Kırıkkale Üniversitesi veri tabanları, Ebscohost veri tabanı kullanılarak; ‘’concussion’’ ya da ‘’concussion syndrome’’, ‘’American football’’ ya da ‘’American football and concussion’’, ‘’Ragbi’’ ya da ‘’Ragbi and concussion’’, ‘’ kick boks’’ ya da ‘’kick boks and concussion’’, ya da ‘’boks’’ ya da ‘’boks and concussion’’ birincil arama terimleri ile tarama yapılmıştır. Tanımlanan literatürün referans listeleri de incelenmiş; çalışmalar, dahil etme kriterlerini doğrulamak için eleştirel analiz ve ön yargı değerlendirilmesinden sonra ayrıntılı olarak gözden geçirilmiştir. Çalışmalar, saha performansı ve oyuna dönüş, fiziksel fonksiyon, bilişsel bozukluk, hafıza bozukluğu, reaksiyon zamanı, testler ve tedaviler başlıkları altında değerlendirilmiştir. Saha performansı ve oyuna dönüş çalışmalarında, sarsıntı geçiren oyuncuların çoğunun sarsıntıdan kurtulduğu ve farklı sürelerde de olsa oyuna geri dönüş yaptığı; fiziksel fonksiyon ile ilgili çalışmalarda sarsıntı ile fiziksel işlevsellik arasında anlamlı ilişkiler olduğu; bilişsel bozukluk çalışmalarında sarsıntı geçiren kişilerde bilişsel bozukluk ve depresyon olduğu görülmüştür. Hafıza bozukluğu ve reaksiyon zamanı ile sarsıntı arasında anlamlı ilişkiler bulunmuştur. Yapılan testler ve tedaviler sonrasında ise vestibuler sistemde düzelme, beyin kan akışı ve hacminde düzelme, bilişsel puanlar ve motor becerilerde artış ve semptomlarda azalma görülmüştür. Beyin sarsıntısı riskinin yer aldığı tüm spor branşlarında, sporcu ve antrenörlerin sarsıntıya bağlı riskleri göz önünde bulundurmaları gerekmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Bachynski, K.E., Goldberg, D.S. (2014). Framing risks of mild traumatic brain injury in American football and ice hockey. Concussion and Sports, Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 42(3), 323-33.
  • Baker, J.F., Devitt, B.M., Green, J., McCarthy, C. (2013). Concussion among under 20 rugby union players in Ireland:Incidence, attitudes and knowledge. Irish Journal of Medical Science, 182(1), 121–125.
  • Barron, M.J., Branta, C.F., Powell, J.W., Ewing, M.E., Gould, D.R., Maler, K. (2014). Effects of an injury prevention program on injury rates in American youth football. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 9(5), 1227-40.
  • Bledsoe, G.H., Li, G., Levy, F. (2005). Injury risk in professional boxing. Southern Medical Association, 98(10), 994-998.
  • Brennan, T.N.N., O’Connor, P.J. (1968). Incidence of boxing injuries in the royal air force in the united kingdom. Brit J Industr Med, 25, 326.
  • Brody, D.L. (2015). Concussion care manual. Oxford University Press, New York, 3-5-7.
  • Broglio, S.P., Vagnozzi, R., Sabin, M., Signoretti, S., Tavazzi, B., Lazzarino, G. (2010). Concussion occurrence and knowledge in Italian football (soccer). Journal of Sports Sciences, 9, 418–430.
  • Buzas, D., Jacobson, N.A., Morawa, L.G. (2014). Concussions from 9 youth organized sports. The Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 2(4), 1-8.
  • Carson, J.D., Lawrence, D.W., Kraft, S.A., Garel, A., Snow, C.L., Chatterjee, A., Libfeld, P., MacKenzie, H.M., Thornton, J.S., Moineddin, R., Fremont, P. (2014). Premature return to play and return to learn after a sport-related concussion. Clinical Discovery, 60, 310-15.
  • Caskey, R.C., Nance, M.L. (2014). Management of pediatric mild traumatic brain injury. Advances in Pediatrics, 61(1), 271–86.
  • Clark, M.D., Asken, B.M., Marshall, S.W., Guskiewicz, K.M. (2017). Descriptive characteristics of concussion in national football league games, 2010-2011 to 2013-2014. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(4), 929-36.
  • Covassin, T., Stearne, D., Elbin, R. (2008). Concussion history and postconcussion neurocognitive performance and symptoms in collegiate athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 43(2), 119-24.
  • Eckner, J.T., Kutcher, J.S., Broglio, S.P., Richardson, J.K. (2013). Effect of sport-related concussion on clinically measured simple reaction time. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48, 112-18.
  • Eckner, J.T., Kutcher, J.S., Richardson, J.K. (2011). Effect of concussion on clinically measured reaction time in 9 NCAA division I collegiate athletes: A preliminary study. PM&R, 3(3), 212-18.
  • Emery, C., Cassidy, D., Klassen, T., Rosychuk, R., Rowe, B. (2004). The Effectiveness of a proprioceptive balance-training program in healthy adolescents: A cluster randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Epidemiology, 159, 46.
  • Fraas, M.R., Burchiel, J. (2016). A systematic review of education programmes to prevent concussion rugby union. European Journal of Sport Science, 16(8), 1212-18.
  • Fraas, M.R., Coughlan, G.F., Hart, E.C., McCarthy, C. (2014). Concussion history and reporting rates in elite Irish rugby union players. Physical Therapy in Sport, 15, 136–142.
  • Fuller, G.W., Govind, O., Tucker, R., Raftery, M. (2018). Sport concussion assessment tool- third edition normative reference values for professional rugby union players. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21, 347-51.
  • Giza, C.C., Kutcher, J.S., Ashwal, S., Barth, J., Getchius, T.S.D., Gioia, G.A., Gronseth, G.S., Guskiewicz, K., Mandel, S., Manley, G., McKeag, D.B., Thurman, D.J., Zafonte, R. (2013). Summary of evidence-based guideline update: evaluation and management of concussion in sports: report of the guideline development subcommittee of the american academy of neurology. Neurology, 80(24), 2250–57.
  • Guskiewicz, K.M., Marshall, S.W., Bailes, J., McCrea, M., Cantu, R.C., Randolph, C., Jordan, B.D. (2005). Association between recurrent concussion and late-life cognitive ımpairment in retired professional football players. Neurosurgery, 57(4), 711-26.
  • Hart, J., Kraut, M.A., Womack, K.B, Strain, J., Didehbani, N., Bartz, E., Conover, H., Mansinghani, S., Lu, H., Cullum, M. (2013). Neuroimaging of cognitive dysfunctionand depression in aging retired national football league players. JAMA Neurol, 70(3), 326-35.
  • Henry, L.C., Elbin, R.J., Collins, M.W., Marchetti, G., Kontos, A.P. (2016). Examining recovery trajectories after sport-related concussion with a multimodal clinical assessment approach. Neurosurgery, 78(2), 232-41.
  • Jordan, B.D., Campbell, E.A. (2016). Acute injuries among professional boxers in New York State: a two-year survey. The Physician and Sports Medicine, 16(1), 87-91.
  • Kaplan, K.M., Goodwillie, A., Strauss, E.J., Rosen, J.E. (2008). Ragbi injuries: A review of concepts and current literature. Bulletin of the NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, 66(2), 86-93.
  • Kemp, S., Hudson, Z., Brooks, J., Fuller, C. (2008). The epidemiology of head injuries in English professional rugby union. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 18(3), 227-34.
  • Keskin, N., Tamam, L. (2013). Postkontüzyonel sendromda tedavi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 5(1), 95-108.
  • Kumar, N.S., Chin, M., O’Neill, C., Jakoi, A.M., Tabb, L., Wolf, M. (2014). On-field performance of national football league players after return from concussion. Am J Sports Med, 42(9), 2050–55.
  • Leddy, J.J., Sandhu, H., Sodhi, V., Baker, J.G., Willer, B. (2012). Rehabilition of concussion and post-concussion syndrome. Sports Health, 4(2), 147-154.
  • Leddy, J.J., Willer, B. (2013). Use of graded exercise testing in concussion and return-to-activity management. American College of Sport Medicine, 12(6), 370-76.
  • Lee, B., Bennett, L.L., Bernick, C., Shan, G., Banks, S.J. (2019). The relations among depression, cognition, and brain volume in proffessional boxers: A preliminary examination using brief clinical measures. J Head Trauma Rehabil, 24(6), 29-39.
  • Manley, G., Gardner, A.J., Scheneider, K.J., Guskiewicz, K.M., Bailes, J., Cantu, R.C., Castellani, R.J., Turner, M., Jordan, B.D., Randolph, C., Dvorak, J., Hayden, K.A., Tator, C.H., McCrory, P., Iverson, G.L. (2017). A systematic review of potential long-term effects of sport-related concussion. BMJ, 51(12), 969-77.
  • Martin, R.K., Hrubeniuk, T.J., Witiw, C.D., MacDonald, P., Leiter, J. (2017). Concussions in community-level rugby risk, knowledge, and attitudes. Sports Health, 9(4), 312-17.
  • Matser, E.J.T., Kessels, A.G.H., Lezak, M.D., Jordan, B. D., Troost, J. (1999). Neuropsychological impairment in amateur soccer players. JAMA, 282(10), 971-73.
  • Matser, E.J.T., Kessels, A.G.H., Lezak, M.D., Troost, J., Jordan, B.D. (2000). Acute traumatic brain injury in amateur boxing. The Physician and Sports Medicine, 28(1), 87-92.
  • McCrea, M., Guskiewicz, K.M., Marshall, S.W., Barr, W., Randolph, C., ve ark. (2003). Acute effects and recovery time following concussion in collegiate football players. JAMA, 290(19), 2556-63.
  • McCrory, P., Gavin, D., Michael, M. (2012). Second impact syndrome or cerebral swelling after sporting head injury. Head and Neurologic Conditions, 11(1), 21-3.
  • McCrory, P., Meeuwisse, W., Johnston, K., Dvorak, J., Aubry, M., Molloy, M., Cantu, R. (2009). Consensus statement on concussion in sport: The 3rd international conference on concussion in sport held in Zurich. Journal of Athletic Training, 44(4), 434-48.
  • McCrory, P., Meeuwisse, W. H., Aubry, M., Cantu, R. C., Dvorak, J., Echemendia, R. J., ..., Sills, A. (2013). Consensus statement on concussion in sport—the 4th International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2012. PM&R, 5(4), 255-279.
  • Meehan, W.P. (2011). Kids, sports and concussion: A guide for coaches and parents. The Praeger Series on Contemporary Health and Living. Julie K. Silver, Series Editor, Santa Barbara, California.
  • Memmedov, H. (2014). Boks ve kick boks spor müsabakalarının travmatik beyin hasarı oluşturma riskinin laboratuar açısından değerlendirilmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tıbbi Biyokimya Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
  • Noakes, T., Jakoet, I. (1995). Spinal cord injuries in rugby union players. BMJ, 310, 1345.
  • Pellman, E.J., Viano, D.C., Casson, I.R., Arfken, C., Powell, J. (2004). Concussion in professional football: Injuries involving 7 or more days out—Part 5. Neurosurgery, 55(5), 1100-19.
  • Pellman, E.J., Viano, D.C. (2006). Concussion in professional football: Summary of the research conducted by the national football league’s committee on mild traumatic brain injury. Neurosurg Focus, 21(4), 12.
  • Pfister, T., Pfister, K., Hagel, B., Ghali, W.A., Ronksley, P.E. (2016). The incidence of concussion in youth sports: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med, 50, 292–7.
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EFFECTS OF CONCUSSION IN SPORTS: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 4, 14 - 27, 30.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.792020

Öz

In American football, rugby, boxing, kickboxing (K1) and contact sports similar to these sports, the risk of concussion is high due to blows and collisions. There is limited information about the concussions that occur, the risks and treatment methods. The aim of the study is to examine the causes and consequences of concussion, the effects in some sports and the rates of injury, and to present a review about the researches. In the study, using PubMed, Google Scholar, Ankara and Kırıkkale University databases, Ebscohost database; ''concussion'', or ''concussion syndrome'', ''American football'', or'' American football and concussion'', ''Rugby'', or ''Rugby and concussion'', ''kick boxing'', or ''kick boxing and concussion'', or ''boxing'', or ''boxing and concussion'' have been searched with primary search terms. Reference lists of the defined literature were also examined; the studies were thoroughly reviewed after critical analysis and bias assessment to validate the inclusion criteria. The studies were evaluated under the headings of field performance and return to play, physical function, cognitive impairment, memory impairment, reaction time, tests and treatments. During the field performance and return to the game, most of the players who had a shock survived and returned to the game at different times; that there are significant relationships between shaking and physical functionality in studies on physical function; in cognitive impairment studies, cognitive impairment and depression were found in people with concussion. Significant relationships were found between memory impairment, reaction time and shaking. After the tests and treatments performed, improvement in the vestibular system, improvement in cerebral blood flow and volume, increase in cognitive scores and motor skills and decrease in symptoms were observed. In all sports branches where there is a risk of concussion, athletes and trainers should consider the risks associated with concussion.

Kaynakça

  • Bachynski, K.E., Goldberg, D.S. (2014). Framing risks of mild traumatic brain injury in American football and ice hockey. Concussion and Sports, Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 42(3), 323-33.
  • Baker, J.F., Devitt, B.M., Green, J., McCarthy, C. (2013). Concussion among under 20 rugby union players in Ireland:Incidence, attitudes and knowledge. Irish Journal of Medical Science, 182(1), 121–125.
  • Barron, M.J., Branta, C.F., Powell, J.W., Ewing, M.E., Gould, D.R., Maler, K. (2014). Effects of an injury prevention program on injury rates in American youth football. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 9(5), 1227-40.
  • Bledsoe, G.H., Li, G., Levy, F. (2005). Injury risk in professional boxing. Southern Medical Association, 98(10), 994-998.
  • Brennan, T.N.N., O’Connor, P.J. (1968). Incidence of boxing injuries in the royal air force in the united kingdom. Brit J Industr Med, 25, 326.
  • Brody, D.L. (2015). Concussion care manual. Oxford University Press, New York, 3-5-7.
  • Broglio, S.P., Vagnozzi, R., Sabin, M., Signoretti, S., Tavazzi, B., Lazzarino, G. (2010). Concussion occurrence and knowledge in Italian football (soccer). Journal of Sports Sciences, 9, 418–430.
  • Buzas, D., Jacobson, N.A., Morawa, L.G. (2014). Concussions from 9 youth organized sports. The Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 2(4), 1-8.
  • Carson, J.D., Lawrence, D.W., Kraft, S.A., Garel, A., Snow, C.L., Chatterjee, A., Libfeld, P., MacKenzie, H.M., Thornton, J.S., Moineddin, R., Fremont, P. (2014). Premature return to play and return to learn after a sport-related concussion. Clinical Discovery, 60, 310-15.
  • Caskey, R.C., Nance, M.L. (2014). Management of pediatric mild traumatic brain injury. Advances in Pediatrics, 61(1), 271–86.
  • Clark, M.D., Asken, B.M., Marshall, S.W., Guskiewicz, K.M. (2017). Descriptive characteristics of concussion in national football league games, 2010-2011 to 2013-2014. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(4), 929-36.
  • Covassin, T., Stearne, D., Elbin, R. (2008). Concussion history and postconcussion neurocognitive performance and symptoms in collegiate athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 43(2), 119-24.
  • Eckner, J.T., Kutcher, J.S., Broglio, S.P., Richardson, J.K. (2013). Effect of sport-related concussion on clinically measured simple reaction time. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48, 112-18.
  • Eckner, J.T., Kutcher, J.S., Richardson, J.K. (2011). Effect of concussion on clinically measured reaction time in 9 NCAA division I collegiate athletes: A preliminary study. PM&R, 3(3), 212-18.
  • Emery, C., Cassidy, D., Klassen, T., Rosychuk, R., Rowe, B. (2004). The Effectiveness of a proprioceptive balance-training program in healthy adolescents: A cluster randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Epidemiology, 159, 46.
  • Fraas, M.R., Burchiel, J. (2016). A systematic review of education programmes to prevent concussion rugby union. European Journal of Sport Science, 16(8), 1212-18.
  • Fraas, M.R., Coughlan, G.F., Hart, E.C., McCarthy, C. (2014). Concussion history and reporting rates in elite Irish rugby union players. Physical Therapy in Sport, 15, 136–142.
  • Fuller, G.W., Govind, O., Tucker, R., Raftery, M. (2018). Sport concussion assessment tool- third edition normative reference values for professional rugby union players. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21, 347-51.
  • Giza, C.C., Kutcher, J.S., Ashwal, S., Barth, J., Getchius, T.S.D., Gioia, G.A., Gronseth, G.S., Guskiewicz, K., Mandel, S., Manley, G., McKeag, D.B., Thurman, D.J., Zafonte, R. (2013). Summary of evidence-based guideline update: evaluation and management of concussion in sports: report of the guideline development subcommittee of the american academy of neurology. Neurology, 80(24), 2250–57.
  • Guskiewicz, K.M., Marshall, S.W., Bailes, J., McCrea, M., Cantu, R.C., Randolph, C., Jordan, B.D. (2005). Association between recurrent concussion and late-life cognitive ımpairment in retired professional football players. Neurosurgery, 57(4), 711-26.
  • Hart, J., Kraut, M.A., Womack, K.B, Strain, J., Didehbani, N., Bartz, E., Conover, H., Mansinghani, S., Lu, H., Cullum, M. (2013). Neuroimaging of cognitive dysfunctionand depression in aging retired national football league players. JAMA Neurol, 70(3), 326-35.
  • Henry, L.C., Elbin, R.J., Collins, M.W., Marchetti, G., Kontos, A.P. (2016). Examining recovery trajectories after sport-related concussion with a multimodal clinical assessment approach. Neurosurgery, 78(2), 232-41.
  • Jordan, B.D., Campbell, E.A. (2016). Acute injuries among professional boxers in New York State: a two-year survey. The Physician and Sports Medicine, 16(1), 87-91.
  • Kaplan, K.M., Goodwillie, A., Strauss, E.J., Rosen, J.E. (2008). Ragbi injuries: A review of concepts and current literature. Bulletin of the NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, 66(2), 86-93.
  • Kemp, S., Hudson, Z., Brooks, J., Fuller, C. (2008). The epidemiology of head injuries in English professional rugby union. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 18(3), 227-34.
  • Keskin, N., Tamam, L. (2013). Postkontüzyonel sendromda tedavi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 5(1), 95-108.
  • Kumar, N.S., Chin, M., O’Neill, C., Jakoi, A.M., Tabb, L., Wolf, M. (2014). On-field performance of national football league players after return from concussion. Am J Sports Med, 42(9), 2050–55.
  • Leddy, J.J., Sandhu, H., Sodhi, V., Baker, J.G., Willer, B. (2012). Rehabilition of concussion and post-concussion syndrome. Sports Health, 4(2), 147-154.
  • Leddy, J.J., Willer, B. (2013). Use of graded exercise testing in concussion and return-to-activity management. American College of Sport Medicine, 12(6), 370-76.
  • Lee, B., Bennett, L.L., Bernick, C., Shan, G., Banks, S.J. (2019). The relations among depression, cognition, and brain volume in proffessional boxers: A preliminary examination using brief clinical measures. J Head Trauma Rehabil, 24(6), 29-39.
  • Manley, G., Gardner, A.J., Scheneider, K.J., Guskiewicz, K.M., Bailes, J., Cantu, R.C., Castellani, R.J., Turner, M., Jordan, B.D., Randolph, C., Dvorak, J., Hayden, K.A., Tator, C.H., McCrory, P., Iverson, G.L. (2017). A systematic review of potential long-term effects of sport-related concussion. BMJ, 51(12), 969-77.
  • Martin, R.K., Hrubeniuk, T.J., Witiw, C.D., MacDonald, P., Leiter, J. (2017). Concussions in community-level rugby risk, knowledge, and attitudes. Sports Health, 9(4), 312-17.
  • Matser, E.J.T., Kessels, A.G.H., Lezak, M.D., Jordan, B. D., Troost, J. (1999). Neuropsychological impairment in amateur soccer players. JAMA, 282(10), 971-73.
  • Matser, E.J.T., Kessels, A.G.H., Lezak, M.D., Troost, J., Jordan, B.D. (2000). Acute traumatic brain injury in amateur boxing. The Physician and Sports Medicine, 28(1), 87-92.
  • McCrea, M., Guskiewicz, K.M., Marshall, S.W., Barr, W., Randolph, C., ve ark. (2003). Acute effects and recovery time following concussion in collegiate football players. JAMA, 290(19), 2556-63.
  • McCrory, P., Gavin, D., Michael, M. (2012). Second impact syndrome or cerebral swelling after sporting head injury. Head and Neurologic Conditions, 11(1), 21-3.
  • McCrory, P., Meeuwisse, W., Johnston, K., Dvorak, J., Aubry, M., Molloy, M., Cantu, R. (2009). Consensus statement on concussion in sport: The 3rd international conference on concussion in sport held in Zurich. Journal of Athletic Training, 44(4), 434-48.
  • McCrory, P., Meeuwisse, W. H., Aubry, M., Cantu, R. C., Dvorak, J., Echemendia, R. J., ..., Sills, A. (2013). Consensus statement on concussion in sport—the 4th International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2012. PM&R, 5(4), 255-279.
  • Meehan, W.P. (2011). Kids, sports and concussion: A guide for coaches and parents. The Praeger Series on Contemporary Health and Living. Julie K. Silver, Series Editor, Santa Barbara, California.
  • Memmedov, H. (2014). Boks ve kick boks spor müsabakalarının travmatik beyin hasarı oluşturma riskinin laboratuar açısından değerlendirilmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tıbbi Biyokimya Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
  • Noakes, T., Jakoet, I. (1995). Spinal cord injuries in rugby union players. BMJ, 310, 1345.
  • Pellman, E.J., Viano, D.C., Casson, I.R., Arfken, C., Powell, J. (2004). Concussion in professional football: Injuries involving 7 or more days out—Part 5. Neurosurgery, 55(5), 1100-19.
  • Pellman, E.J., Viano, D.C. (2006). Concussion in professional football: Summary of the research conducted by the national football league’s committee on mild traumatic brain injury. Neurosurg Focus, 21(4), 12.
  • Pfister, T., Pfister, K., Hagel, B., Ghali, W.A., Ronksley, P.E. (2016). The incidence of concussion in youth sports: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med, 50, 292–7.
  • Porter, M., O’Brien, M. (1996). Incidence and severity of injuries resulting from amateur boxing in Ireland. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 6, 97-101.
  • Powers, K.C., Cinelli, M.E., Kalmar, J.M. (2014a). Cortical hypoexcitability persists beyond the symptomatic phase of a concussion. Brain Inj, 28(4), 465-71.
  • Powers, K.C., Kalmar, J.M., Cinelli, M.E. (2014b). Recovery of static stability following a concussion. Gait Posture, 39(1), 611-4.
  • Ropper, A.H., Gorson, K.C. (2007). Clinical practice concussion. The New England Journal of Medicine, 356(2), 166–72.
  • Schussler, E. (2016). Assessment, feedback and head accelerations in youth american football. Graduate Program in Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University.
  • Seichepine, D.R., Stamm, J.M., Daneshvar, D.H., Riley, D.O., ve ark. (2013). Profile of self-reported problems with executive functioning in college and professional football players. Journal of Neurotrauma, 30, 1299–304.
  • Sindelar, B., Bailes, J.E. (2018). Sports-related concussion: diagnosis and management. CRC Press,Taylor & Francis Group, U.S.; International Standard, 13, 978-1-4987-6457-5.
  • Stone, J. (2014). Post concussion syndrome. University of Edinburgh, UK,
  • Sye, G., Sullivan, S.J., McCrory, P. (2006). High school rugby players’ understanding of concussion and return to play guidelines. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(12), 1003–1005.
  • Tal, S., Hadanny, A., Berkovitz, N., Sasson, E., Ben-Jacob, E., Efrati, S. (2015). Hyperbaric oxygen may induce angiogenesis in patients suffering from prolonged post-concussion syndrome due to traumatic brain injury. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 33, 943-51.
  • Tidy, C. (2017). Post concussion syndrome. PatientAccess. https://patient.info/brain-nerves/post-concussion-syndrome.
  • Willigenburg, N.W., Borcher, J.R., Quincy, R., Kaeding, C.C., Hewett, T.E. (2016). Comparison of injuries in American collegiate football and club rugby. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(3), 753-60.
  • Yaman, A., Yaman, H. (2002). Sporla ilişkili travmatik beyin sarsıntısı (konküzyon): güncel yaklaşımlar. Spor Hekimliği Dergisi, 37, 119-130.
  • Yeomans, C., Kenny, I.C., Cahalan, R., Warrington, G.D., Harrison, A.J., Hayes, K., Lyons, M., Campbell, M.J., Comyns, T.M. (2018). The incidence of injury in amateur male rugby union: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med, 48, 837-48.
  • Zazryn, C., Finch, C.F., McCrory, P. (2003). A 16 year study of injuries to professional kickboxers in the state of Victoria, Australia Br J Sports Med, 37, 448-451.
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Spor Hekimliği
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Damla Selin Yıldırım 0000-0001-6092-2849

Cengiz Akalan 0000-0001-7669-3358

Gülfem Ersöz 0000-0001-8813-3032

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Yıldırım, D. S., Akalan, C., & Ersöz, G. (2020). SPORDA BEYİN SARSINTISININ (CONCUSSION) ETKİLERİ: SİSTEMATİK DERLEME. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(4), 14-27. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.792020

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