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Electromyographic Activities of Pectoralis Major and Triceps Brachii Muscles During Push-Up Exercises On Different Surfaces

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4, 544 - 551, 20.10.2023

Erbil Murat Aydın Burak Gündoğan Ali Fatih Sağlam

https://doi.org/10.22282/tojras.1296673

Öz

The push-up is a basic exercise commonly used in strength training. This exercise can be performed on different surfaces. The purpose of this study is to compare the muscle activation of the pectoralis major and triceps brachii muscles during push-up exercises performed on stable and unstable surfaces. Nineteen males participated in this study. Bosu ball and ring apparatus were used as unstable surfaces and the floor was used as a stable surface. Subjects performed 5 repetitions of PU on the different surfaces. A one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare the muscle activities between the surfaces. Muscle activation of PM was significantly greater in the ring than on the floor and the Bosu ball (p<0.05). No significant difference was determined when the floor and the Bosu ball were compared. There was no significant difference between surfaces in the muscle activation of TB (p>0.05). In conclusion, using the ring apparatus as an unstable surface increase the PM muscle activation in PU exercise. Muscle activation of TB was not influenced by surface stability in PU.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Unstable surface stable surface muscle activity

Kaynakça

  • Anders, C., Bretschneider, S., Bernsdorf, A., Erler, K., & Schneider, W. (2004). Activation of shoulder muscles in healthy men and women under isometric conditions. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 14(6), 699-707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2004.04.003
  • Anderson, K.G., & Behm, D.G. (2004). Maintenance of EMG activity and loss of force output with instability. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 18(3), 637-640.
  • Anderson, G.S., Gaetz, M., Holzmann, M., & Twist, P. (2013). Comparison of EMG activity during stable and unstable push-up protocols. European Journal of Sport Science, 13(1), 42-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2011.577240
  • Ashnagar, Z., Shadmehr, A., Hadian, M., Talebian, S., & Jalaei, S. (2016). The effects of whole body vibration on EMG activity of the upper extremity muscles in static modified push up position. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 29(3), 557-563. https://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-160657
  • Batbayar, Y., Uga, D., Nakazawa, R., & Sakamoto, M. (2015). Effect of various hand position widths on scapular stabilizing muscles during the push-up plus exercise in healthy people. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 27(8), 2573-2576. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.27.2573
  • Beach, T.A., Howarth, S.J., & Callaghan, J.P. (2008). Muscular contribution to low-back loading and stiffness during standard and suspended push-ups. Human Movement Science, 27(3), 457-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2007.12.002
  • Behm, D.G. (1995). Neuromuscular implications and applications of resistance training. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 9(4), 264-274.
  • Behm, D.G., Leonard, A.M., Young, W.B., Bonsey, W.A., & MacKinnon, S.N. (2005). Trunk muscle electromyographic activity with unstable and unilateral exercises. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 19(1), 193-201.
  • Behm, D.G., & Anderson, K.G. (2006). The role of instability with resistance training. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 20(3), 716-722.
  • Borreani, S., Calatayud, J., Colado, J.C., Tella, V., Moya-Nájera, D., Martin, F., et al. (2015a). Shoulder muscle activation during stable and suspended push-ups at different heights in healthy subjects. Physical Therapy in Sport, 16(3), 248-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2014.12.004
  • Borreani, S., Calatayud, J., Colado, J.C., Moya-Nájera, D., Triplett, N.T., & Martin, F. (2015b). Muscle activation during push-ups performed under stable and unstable conditions. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 13(2), 94-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2015.07.002
  • Burden, A., & Bartlett, R. (1999). Normalisation of EMG amplitude: an evaluation and comparison of old and new methods. Medical Engineering & Physics, 21(4), 247-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1350-4533(99)00054-5
  • Calatayud, J., Borreani, S., Colado, J., Martin, F., Batalha, N., & Silva, A. (2014a). Muscle activation differences between stable push-ups and push-ups with an unilateral v-shaped suspension system at different heights. Motricidade 10(4), 84-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.10(4).3395
  • Calatayud, J., Borreani, S., Colado, J.C., Martín, F.F., Rogers, M.E., Behm, D.G., & Andersen, L.L. (2014b). Muscle activation during push-ups with different suspension training systems. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 13(3), 502-510.
  • Calatayud, J., Borreani, S., Colado, J.C., Martin, F., & Rogers, M.E. (2014c). Muscle activity levels in upper-body push exercises with different loads and stability conditions. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 42(4), 106-119. https://doi.org/10.3810/psm.2014.11.2097
  • Cho, S.H., Baek, I.H., Cheon, J.Y., Cho, M.J., Choi, M.Y., & Jung, D.H. (2014). Effect of the push-up plus (PUP) exercise at different shoulder rotation angles on shoulder muscle activities. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 26(11), 1737-1740. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.26.1737
  • Cogley, R.M., Archambault, T.A., Fibeger, J.F., & Koverman, M.M. (2005). Comparison of muscle activation using various hand positions during the push-up exercise. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 19(3), 628-633.
  • de Araújo, R.C., Pirauá, A.L.T.., Beltrão, N.B., & Pitangui, A.C.R. (2018). Activity of periscapular muscles and its correlation with external oblique during push-up: Does scapular dyskinesis change the electromyographic response?. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(5), 571-577. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1324205
  • de Araújo, R.C., Nascimento, V.Y.S., Torres, R.J.B., Trombini-Souza, F., Behm, D., & Pitangui, A.C.R. (2020). Can the use of unstable surfaces and instruction for conscious abdominal contraction increase the EMG activity of the periscapular muscles during the dynamic push-up?. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 29(2), 225-230. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2018-0165
  • De Luca, C. J. (1997). The use of surface electromyography in biomechanics. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 13(2), 135-163.
  • de Oliveira, A.S., de Morais Carvalho, M., & de Brum, D.P.C. (2008). Activation of the shoulder and arm muscles during axial load exercises on a stable base of support and on a medicine ball. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 18(3), 472-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2006.09.009
  • Dhahbi, W., Chaabene, H., Chaouachi, A., Padulo, J., G Behm, D., Cochrane, J., et al. (2022). Kinetic analysis of push-up exercises: a systematic review with practical recommendations. Sports biomechanics, 21(1), 1-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2018.1512149
  • Freeman, S., Karpowicz, A., Gray, J., & McGill, S. (2006). Quantifying muscle patterns and spine load during various forms of the push-up. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(3), 570-577. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000189317.08635.1b
  • Gibbons, S.G., & Comerford, M.J. (2001). Strength versus stability part 1; concept and terms. Orthopaedic Division Review, 43(1), 21-27.
  • Gioftsos, G., Arvanitidis, M., Tsimouris, D., Kanellopoulos, A., Paras, G., Trigkas, P., et al. (2016). EMG activity of the serratus anterior and trapezius muscles during the different phases of the push-up plus exercise on different support surfaces and different hand positions. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 28(7), 2114-2118. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.28.2114
  • Graţiela-Flavia, D., Flavia, R., & Emilia, G. (2009). Surface electromyography in biomechanics: applications and signal analysis aspects. Journal of Physical Education & Sport/Citius Altius Fortius, 25(4), 56-65.
  • Kang, D.H., Jung, S.Y., Nam, D.H., Shin, S.J., & Yoo, W.G. (2014). The effects of push-ups with the trunk flexed on the shoulder and trunk muscles. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 26(6), 909-910. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.26.909
  • Kang, F. J., Ou, H. L., Lin, K. Y., & Lin, J. J. (2019). Serratus anterior and upper trapezius electromyographic analysis of the push-up plus exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Athletic Training, 54(11), 1156-1164. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-237-18
  • Kim, S.H., Kwon, O.Y., Kim, S.J., Park, K.N., Choung, S.D., & Weon, J.H. (2014). Serratus anterior muscle activation during knee push-up plus exercise performed on static stable, static unstable, and oscillating unstable surfaces in healthy subjects. Physical Therapy in Sport, 15(1), 20-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2013.01.001
  • Kowalski, K.L., Connelly, D.M., Jakobi, J.M., & Sadi, J. (2022). Shoulder electromyography activity during push-up variations: a scoping review. Shoulder & Elbow, 14(3), 325-339. https://doi.org/10.1177/1758573221101937
  • Lander, J.E., Bates, B.T., Sawhill, J.A., & Hamill, J.A. (1985). A comparison between free-weight and isokinetic bench pressing. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 17(3), 344-353.
  • Lauver, J.D., Cayot, T.E., & Scheuermann, B.W. (2016). Influence of bench angle on upper extremity muscular activation during bench press exercise. European Journal of Sport Science, 6(3), 309-316. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2015.1022605
  • Lee, S., Lee, D., & Park, J. (2013). The effect of hand position changes on electromyographic activity of shoulder stabilizers during push-up plus exercise on stable and unstable surfaces. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 25(8), 981-984. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.25.981
  • Lehman, G.J., MacMillan, B., MacIntyre, I., Chivers, M., & Fluter, M. (2006). Shoulder muscle EMG activity during push up variations on and off a Swiss ball. Dynamic Medicine, 5(1), 1-7.
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  • Marshall, P.W., & Murphy, B.A. (2005). Core stability exercises on and off a Swiss ball. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 86(2), 242-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2004.05.004
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Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4, 544 - 551, 20.10.2023

Erbil Murat Aydın Burak Gündoğan Ali Fatih Sağlam

https://doi.org/10.22282/tojras.1296673

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Anders, C., Bretschneider, S., Bernsdorf, A., Erler, K., & Schneider, W. (2004). Activation of shoulder muscles in healthy men and women under isometric conditions. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 14(6), 699-707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2004.04.003
  • Anderson, K.G., & Behm, D.G. (2004). Maintenance of EMG activity and loss of force output with instability. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 18(3), 637-640.
  • Anderson, G.S., Gaetz, M., Holzmann, M., & Twist, P. (2013). Comparison of EMG activity during stable and unstable push-up protocols. European Journal of Sport Science, 13(1), 42-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2011.577240
  • Ashnagar, Z., Shadmehr, A., Hadian, M., Talebian, S., & Jalaei, S. (2016). The effects of whole body vibration on EMG activity of the upper extremity muscles in static modified push up position. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 29(3), 557-563. https://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-160657
  • Batbayar, Y., Uga, D., Nakazawa, R., & Sakamoto, M. (2015). Effect of various hand position widths on scapular stabilizing muscles during the push-up plus exercise in healthy people. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 27(8), 2573-2576. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.27.2573
  • Beach, T.A., Howarth, S.J., & Callaghan, J.P. (2008). Muscular contribution to low-back loading and stiffness during standard and suspended push-ups. Human Movement Science, 27(3), 457-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2007.12.002
  • Behm, D.G. (1995). Neuromuscular implications and applications of resistance training. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 9(4), 264-274.
  • Behm, D.G., Leonard, A.M., Young, W.B., Bonsey, W.A., & MacKinnon, S.N. (2005). Trunk muscle electromyographic activity with unstable and unilateral exercises. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 19(1), 193-201.
  • Behm, D.G., & Anderson, K.G. (2006). The role of instability with resistance training. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 20(3), 716-722.
  • Borreani, S., Calatayud, J., Colado, J.C., Tella, V., Moya-Nájera, D., Martin, F., et al. (2015a). Shoulder muscle activation during stable and suspended push-ups at different heights in healthy subjects. Physical Therapy in Sport, 16(3), 248-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2014.12.004
  • Borreani, S., Calatayud, J., Colado, J.C., Moya-Nájera, D., Triplett, N.T., & Martin, F. (2015b). Muscle activation during push-ups performed under stable and unstable conditions. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness, 13(2), 94-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesf.2015.07.002
  • Burden, A., & Bartlett, R. (1999). Normalisation of EMG amplitude: an evaluation and comparison of old and new methods. Medical Engineering & Physics, 21(4), 247-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1350-4533(99)00054-5
  • Calatayud, J., Borreani, S., Colado, J., Martin, F., Batalha, N., & Silva, A. (2014a). Muscle activation differences between stable push-ups and push-ups with an unilateral v-shaped suspension system at different heights. Motricidade 10(4), 84-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.10(4).3395
  • Calatayud, J., Borreani, S., Colado, J.C., Martín, F.F., Rogers, M.E., Behm, D.G., & Andersen, L.L. (2014b). Muscle activation during push-ups with different suspension training systems. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 13(3), 502-510.
  • Calatayud, J., Borreani, S., Colado, J.C., Martin, F., & Rogers, M.E. (2014c). Muscle activity levels in upper-body push exercises with different loads and stability conditions. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 42(4), 106-119. https://doi.org/10.3810/psm.2014.11.2097
  • Cho, S.H., Baek, I.H., Cheon, J.Y., Cho, M.J., Choi, M.Y., & Jung, D.H. (2014). Effect of the push-up plus (PUP) exercise at different shoulder rotation angles on shoulder muscle activities. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 26(11), 1737-1740. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.26.1737
  • Cogley, R.M., Archambault, T.A., Fibeger, J.F., & Koverman, M.M. (2005). Comparison of muscle activation using various hand positions during the push-up exercise. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 19(3), 628-633.
  • de Araújo, R.C., Pirauá, A.L.T.., Beltrão, N.B., & Pitangui, A.C.R. (2018). Activity of periscapular muscles and its correlation with external oblique during push-up: Does scapular dyskinesis change the electromyographic response?. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(5), 571-577. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1324205
  • de Araújo, R.C., Nascimento, V.Y.S., Torres, R.J.B., Trombini-Souza, F., Behm, D., & Pitangui, A.C.R. (2020). Can the use of unstable surfaces and instruction for conscious abdominal contraction increase the EMG activity of the periscapular muscles during the dynamic push-up?. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 29(2), 225-230. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2018-0165
  • De Luca, C. J. (1997). The use of surface electromyography in biomechanics. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 13(2), 135-163.
  • de Oliveira, A.S., de Morais Carvalho, M., & de Brum, D.P.C. (2008). Activation of the shoulder and arm muscles during axial load exercises on a stable base of support and on a medicine ball. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 18(3), 472-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2006.09.009
  • Dhahbi, W., Chaabene, H., Chaouachi, A., Padulo, J., G Behm, D., Cochrane, J., et al. (2022). Kinetic analysis of push-up exercises: a systematic review with practical recommendations. Sports biomechanics, 21(1), 1-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2018.1512149
  • Freeman, S., Karpowicz, A., Gray, J., & McGill, S. (2006). Quantifying muscle patterns and spine load during various forms of the push-up. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(3), 570-577. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000189317.08635.1b
  • Gibbons, S.G., & Comerford, M.J. (2001). Strength versus stability part 1; concept and terms. Orthopaedic Division Review, 43(1), 21-27.
  • Gioftsos, G., Arvanitidis, M., Tsimouris, D., Kanellopoulos, A., Paras, G., Trigkas, P., et al. (2016). EMG activity of the serratus anterior and trapezius muscles during the different phases of the push-up plus exercise on different support surfaces and different hand positions. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 28(7), 2114-2118. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.28.2114
  • Graţiela-Flavia, D., Flavia, R., & Emilia, G. (2009). Surface electromyography in biomechanics: applications and signal analysis aspects. Journal of Physical Education & Sport/Citius Altius Fortius, 25(4), 56-65.
  • Kang, D.H., Jung, S.Y., Nam, D.H., Shin, S.J., & Yoo, W.G. (2014). The effects of push-ups with the trunk flexed on the shoulder and trunk muscles. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 26(6), 909-910. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.26.909
  • Kang, F. J., Ou, H. L., Lin, K. Y., & Lin, J. J. (2019). Serratus anterior and upper trapezius electromyographic analysis of the push-up plus exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Athletic Training, 54(11), 1156-1164. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-237-18
  • Kim, S.H., Kwon, O.Y., Kim, S.J., Park, K.N., Choung, S.D., & Weon, J.H. (2014). Serratus anterior muscle activation during knee push-up plus exercise performed on static stable, static unstable, and oscillating unstable surfaces in healthy subjects. Physical Therapy in Sport, 15(1), 20-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2013.01.001
  • Kowalski, K.L., Connelly, D.M., Jakobi, J.M., & Sadi, J. (2022). Shoulder electromyography activity during push-up variations: a scoping review. Shoulder & Elbow, 14(3), 325-339. https://doi.org/10.1177/1758573221101937
  • Lander, J.E., Bates, B.T., Sawhill, J.A., & Hamill, J.A. (1985). A comparison between free-weight and isokinetic bench pressing. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 17(3), 344-353.
  • Lauver, J.D., Cayot, T.E., & Scheuermann, B.W. (2016). Influence of bench angle on upper extremity muscular activation during bench press exercise. European Journal of Sport Science, 6(3), 309-316. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2015.1022605
  • Lee, S., Lee, D., & Park, J. (2013). The effect of hand position changes on electromyographic activity of shoulder stabilizers during push-up plus exercise on stable and unstable surfaces. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 25(8), 981-984. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.25.981
  • Lehman, G.J., MacMillan, B., MacIntyre, I., Chivers, M., & Fluter, M. (2006). Shoulder muscle EMG activity during push up variations on and off a Swiss ball. Dynamic Medicine, 5(1), 1-7.
  • Ludewig, P.M., Phadke, V., Braman, J.P., Hassett, D. R., Cieminski, C.J., & LaPrade, R.F. (2009). Motion of the shoulder complex during multiplanar humeral elevation. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 91(2), 378-389. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.G.01483
  • Marshall, P.W., & Murphy, B.A. (2005). Core stability exercises on and off a Swiss ball. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 86(2), 242-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2004.05.004
  • Marshall, P., & Murphy, B. (2006a). Changes in muscle activity and perceived exertion during exercises performed on a swiss ball. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 31(4), 376-383. https://doi.org/10.1139/h06-006
  • Marshall, P.W., & Murphy, B.A. (2006b). Increased deltoid and abdominal muscle activity during Swiss ball bench press. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 20(4), 745-750.
  • McCaw, S.T., & Friday, J.J. (1994). A comparison of muscle activity between a free weight and machine bench press. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 8(4), 259-264.
  • McGill, S.M., Cannon, J., & Andersen, J.T. (2014). Analysis of pushing exercises: Muscle activity and spine load while contrasting techniques on stable surfaces with a labile suspension strap training system. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 28(1), 105-116. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182a99459
  • Mottram, S., & Comerford, M. (1998). Stability dysfunction and low back pain. Journal of Orthopaedic Medicine, 20(2), 13-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/1355297X.1998.11719881 Naughton, J., Adams, R., & Maher, C. (2005). Upper-body wobbleboard training effects on the post-dislocation shoulder. Physical Therapy in Sport, 6(1), 31-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2004.05.005
  • Norcross, M. F., Blackburn, J. T., & Goerger, B. M. (2010). Reliability and interpretation of single leg stance and maximum voluntary isometric contraction methods of electromyography normalization. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 20(3), 420-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.08.003
  • Norwood, J.T., Anderson, G.S.., Gaetz, M.B., & Twist, P.W. (2007). Electromyographic activity of the trunk stabilizers during stable and unstable bench press. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 21(2), 343-347.
  • Park, S.Y., & Yoo, W.G. (2013). Effects of push-up exercise phase and surface stability on activation of the scapulothoracic musculature. Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training, 18(4), 34-38. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijatt.18.4.34
  • Park, K.M., Cynn, H.S., Kwon, O.Y., Yi, C.H., Yoon, T.L., & Lee, J.H. (2014). Comparison of pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscle activities during different push-up plus exercises in subjects with and without scapular winging. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 28(9), 2546-2551. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000443
  • Pirauá, A.L.T., Pitangui, A.C.R., Silva, J.P., dos Passos, M.H.P., de Oliveira, V.M.A., Batista, L.D.S.P., et al. (2014). Electromyographic analysis of the serratus anterior and trapezius muscles during push-ups on stable and unstable bases in subjects with scapular dyskinesis. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 24(5), 675-681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.05.009
  • Rainoldi, A., Melchiorri, G., & Caruso, I. (2004). A method for positioning electrodes during surface EMG recordings in lower limb muscles. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 134(1), 37-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.10.014
  • Saeterbakken, A.H., van den Tillaar, R., & Fimland, M.S. (2011). A comparison of muscle activity and 1-RM strength of three chest-press exercises with different stability requirements. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(5), 533-538. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2010.543916 Sandhu, J.S., Mahajan, S., & Shenoy, S. (2008). An electromyographic analysis of shoulder muscle activation during push-up variations on stable and labile surfaces. International journal of Shoulder Surgery, 2(2), 30-35. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-6042.40456
  • Schick, E.E., Coburn, J.W., Brown, L.E., Judelson, D.A., Khamoui, A.V., Tran, T.T., et al. (2010). A comparison of muscle activation between a Smith machine and free weight bench press. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(3), 779-784. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181cc2237
  • Snarr, R.L., & Esco, M.R. (2013). Electromyographic comparison of traditional and suspension push-ups. Journal of Human Kinetics, 39(1), 75-83. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2013-0070
  • Steckey, P. (2004). Progressive uses of the Bosu™ balance trainer. Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training, 9(1), 60-61. https://doi.org/10.1123/att.9.1.60
  • Torres, R.J., Pirauá, A.L.T., Nascimento, V.Y., Dos Santos, P.S., Beltrão, N.B., de Oliveira, V.M., et al. (2017). Shoulder muscle activation levels during the push-up-plus exercise on stable and unstable surfaces. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation,26(4), 281-286, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2016-0050
  • Tucker, W.S., Armstrong, C.W., Gribble, P.A., Timmons, M.K., & Yeasting, R.A. (2010). Scapular muscle activity in overhead athletes with symptoms of secondary shoulder impingement during closed chain exercises. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91(4), 550-556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2009.12.021
  • Vera-Garcia, F.J., Grenier, S.G., & McGill, S.M. (2000). Abdominal muscle response during curl-ups on both stable and labile surfaces. Physical Therapy, 80(6), 564-569. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/80.6.564
  • Wahl, M.J., & Behm, D.G. (2008). Not all instability training devices enhance muscle activation in highly resistance-trained individuals. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 22(4), 1360-1370. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318175ca3c
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Spor Hekimliği
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Erbil Murat Aydın 0000-0003-2825-4873

Burak Gündoğan 0000-0003-2516-4696

Ali Fatih Sağlam 0000-0002-5761-7154

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Ekim 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Aydın, E. M., Gündoğan, B., & Sağlam, A. F. (2023). Electromyographic Activities of Pectoralis Major and Triceps Brachii Muscles During Push-Up Exercises On Different Surfaces. The Online Journal of Recreation and Sports, 12(4), 544-551. https://doi.org/10.22282/tojras.1296673
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