Araştırma Makalesi
INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF FOOTBALL PLAYERS' INJURIES ON SPORTS SUCCESS AND THE COSTS OF THEIR CLUBS IN THE TURKISH SUPER LEAGUE: THE THREE SEASONS BETWEEN 2019-2022
Öz
This research examines the effects of football player injuries on sportive success and the cost to their clubs in the three seasons of the Turkish Super League between 2019-2020-2021-2022. The study examined 59 clubs in the Super League in three seasons and the players in the large squads of these clubs (n = 2,388). A mixed research method was used in the research, and document analysis was made. The full cadres of the teams were taken as the basis for determining the team rosters. All league, European Qualification, and Turkish Cup matches played by the clubs during a season were included in the study. In calculating the total injury cost, the player's market value, the time not played in the match, and the loss of income due to the points that cannot be obtained due to the injury are included in the calculations. Health expenditures are excluded from the calculation. In terms of the averages of the three seasons examined in the study, the number of injured players in each season was 422, the number of injuries experienced was 1.046, the number of injuries per club was 44, the number of injured players per club was approximately 22, and the average number of injuries per football player was calculated as 1.79. It has been found that there may be some changes in the league ranking based on the points that can be obtained in the absence of injuries. In the last three seasons examined, the total cost of injuries is approximately 300 million Euros, the average of three seasons is about 100 million Euros, and the average cost of injuries to clubs is 4.5 million Euros per season, according to the market value of the teams, and the total cost of injuries is on average per club in each season. (Approximately) five million euros. It was concluded that the total cost of injuries increased in all three seasons, depending on the team's market value, and that they were experienced more in clubs that finished the league at the top. It can be suggested that clubs take preventive measures, and in this context, they should attach importance to measures such as the use of artificial intelligence, statistical data, continuous monitoring and evaluation of the physical conditions of football players in the prevention of injuries, especially training techniques.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- AA. (2021). Süper Lig'de takımlar şampiyonluğun yanı sıra büyük bir geliri de kovalıyor. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/futbol/super-ligde-takimlar-sampiyonlugun-yani-sira-buyuk-bir-geliri-de-kovaliyor/ 2241042, Erişim Tarihi: 20 Kasım 2022
- Adriano, L. (2021). Football injuries and COVID-19-how much are they costing clubs? https://www. insurancebusinessmag.com/uk/news/breaking-news/football-injuries-and-covid19--how-much-are-they-costing-clubs-310661.aspx, Erişim Tarihi: 8 Kasım 2022
- Alhdad, T. H. A., Gavrilović, P. & Životić, D. (2020). Economic effects of injurıes in elite soccer players with regard to ankle injury, Physical Education and Sport, 18(1), 83-92. doi: https://doi.org/10.22190/FUPES190918008A
- Arnason, A., Sigurdsson, S. B., Gudmundsson, A., Holme, I., Engebretsen, L., & Bahr, R. (2004). Physical fitness, injuries, and team performance in soccer. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36(2), 278-85. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000113478.92945.CA.
- Bahr, R., Kannus, P. & Van Mechelen, W. (2003). Epidemiology and prevention of sport injuries. In: Textbook of Sports Medicine. Kjaer, M., Krogsgaard, M. Magnusson, P., Engebretsen, L., Roos, H., & Takala, T. (Eds.), Massachusetts: Blackwell. 299-314.
- Batten, L. (2019). What Can Data Tell Us About Injuries at the World’s Top Football Clubs? https://www.brinknews.com/what-can-data-tell-us-about-injuries-at-the-worlds-top-football-clubs/, Erişim Tarihi: 23 Kasım 2022
- Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27-40. doi: https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027
- Catapultsports. The Cost of Injury, https://www.catapultsports.com/the-cost-of-injury. Erişim Tarihi: 20 Ekim 2022
- Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Çetindemir, A., Yüksek, S., Cihan, H. ve Sağlam, M. (2021). COVID-19 öncesi ve süresindeki Avrupa Futbol Ligleri sakatlık prevalansı: Kesitsel araştırma, Türkiye Klinikleri Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(3), 375-85. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/sportsci.2021-83730
- Dupont, G., Nedelec, M., McCall, A., McCormack, D., Berthoin, S. & Wisløff, U. (2010). Effect of 2 Soccer Matches in a Week on Physical Performance and Injury Rate, The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 38, (9) 1752-1758. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546510361236
- Dupont, G. & McCall, A. (2016). Targeted systems of the body for training. In: Strudwick T, ed. Soccer Science Chapter 11. (ss.221-247) Human Kinetics. Illinois, Champaign
- Eirale. C., Tol, J. L., Farooq, A, Smiley, F. & Chalabi, H. (2013). Low injury rate strongly correlates with team success in Qatari professional football, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(12), 807-808. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091040
- Ekstrand, J. (2008). Epidemiology of football injuriesÉtude épidémiologique des blessures chez le footballeur, Science & Sports, 23(2),73-77. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2007.10.012
- Ekstrand, J., Hägglund, M. & Waldén, M. (2011). Injury incidence and injury patterns in professional football: The UEFA injury study, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45, 553-558. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.060582
- Ekstrand, J. (2013). Keeping your top players on the pithch: the key to football medicine at a professional level, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(12), 723-724. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092771
- Ekstrand, J., Spreco, A., Bengtsson, H. & Bahr, R. (2021). Injury rates decreased in men’s professional football: An 18-year prospective cohort study of almost 12 000 injuries sustained during 1.8 million hours of play, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55, 1084-1092. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-103159
- Eliakim E, Morgulev E, Lidor R, & Meckel, Y. (2020). Estimation of injury costs: financial damage of English Premier League teams’ underachievement due to injuries. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 6: e000675. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000675
- Fernández-Cuevas I., Gomez-Carmona P., Sillero-Quintana M., Noya-Solces J., Arnaiz-Lastras J. & Pastor-Barrón, A (2010). Economic costs estimation of soccer injuries in first and second Spanish division professional teams, 15th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Sciences ECSS At: Antalya (Turkey).
- Fuller, C.W., Ekstrand, J. Junge, A., Andersen, T. E., Bahr, R., Dvorak, J., Hägglund, M., McCrory, P. & Meeuwisse, W. H. (2006). Consensus statement on injury definitions and data collection procedures in studies of football (soccer) injuries, British Journal of Sports Medicine, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.025270
- Gangcuangco (2019). Premier League clubs suffer record injuries and costs in 2018-19 season, https://www.insurancebusinessmag.com/asia/news/breaking-news/premier-league-clubs-suffer-record-injuries-and-costs-in-201819-season-175243.aspx, Erişim Tarihi: 20 Kasım 2022
- Gzt.com, (2019). Büyük Pasta: Süper Lig'de yayın gelirleri nasıl dağıtılacak? https://www.gzt.com/ zpor/super-ligde-2019-20-sezonu-yayin-gelirleri-ne-kadar-galibiyet-beraberlik-ve-sampiyonluk-primi-ne-kadar-3511334, Erişim Tarihi: 20 Ekim 2022
- Hägglund, M., Walden, M., Magnusson, H., Kristenson, K., Bengtsson, H. & Ekstrand, J. (2013). Injuries affect team performance negatively in professional football: an 11-year follow-up of the UEFA Champions League injury study, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(12), 738-742. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092215
- Hoenig, T., Edouard, P., Krause, M., Malhan, D., Relógio, A., Junge, A. & Hollander, K. (2022). Analysis of more than 20,000 injuries in European professional football by using a citizen science-based approach: An opportunity for epidemiological research? Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 25(4), 300-305. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2021.11.038
- Hawkins, R.D., Hulse, M.A., Wilkinson, C., Hodson, A. & Gibson, M. (2001). The association football medical research programme: an audit of injuries in professional football. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(1), 43-47. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.35.1.43
- Howden Sport & Entertainment (2022). Are Delighted to Present The 2021/22 European Football Injury Index-Mid Season Update, 1-52. https://www.howdengroup.com/news-and-insights/howdens-european-footbal-Injury-Index-reveals-record-injury-cost-of-over-500m-for-2021-22-season, Erişim Tarihi: 29 Aralık 2022.
- Hickey J, Shield A. J., Williams M. D., & Opar, D. A. (2014). The financial cost of hamstring strain injuries in the Australian Football League, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48,729-730. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092884
- Ibrahimović, M., Mustafović, E., Čaušević, D., Alić, H., Jelešković, E. & Talović, M. (2021). Injury rate in professional football: A systematic review, International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports, 10(2), 52-63. doi: https://doi.org/10.34256/ijpefs2126
- Inklaar, H. (1994). Soccer Injuries, I: Incidence and severity, Sports Medicine, 18 (1), 55-73. doi:0112-1642194jOOOHJ055jS09.50jO
- Jain, N., Murray, D., Kemp, S. & Calder, J. (2014). Frequency and trends in foot and ankle injuries within an English Premier League Football Club using a new impact factor of injury to identify a focus for injury prevention, Foot and Ankle Surgery, 20, 237-240. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fas.2014.05.004
- JLT Specialty (2018). JLT reveals Premier League injury bill. https://northern-assessors.co.uk/2018/08/14/jlt-reveals-premier-league-injury-bill/, Erişim Tarihi: 22 Kasım 2022
- Kinesport (2019). Football Injury Index-English Premier League 2018-19 Review-Kinesport. https:// www.readkong.com/page/football-injury-index-English-premier-league-2018-19-9752534, Erişim Tarihi: 24 Kasım 2022)
- Kisser, R. & Bauer, R. (2012). The burden of sports injuries in the European Union. Research report D2h of the project “Safety in Sports”. Vienna: Austrian Road Safety Board (Kuratorium für Verkehrssicherheit). 1-93. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.2010.029215.752
- Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. Jossey-Bass. San Francisco,CA-USA
- Nasır, A., Albayrak, K. ve Kürk, M. B. (2022). Türkiye profesyonel birinci liginde 10 ardışık sezonda gerçekleşen ön çapraz bağ yaralanmalarının epidemiyolojik özellikleri, Spor Hekimliği Dergisi, 57(3), 155-160. doi: https:/doi.org/10.47447/tjsm.0649
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- Wong, P. & Hong, Y. (2005). Soccer injury in the lower extremities. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39, 473-82. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.015511
TÜRKİYE SÜPER LİGİ’NDE FUTBOLCU SAKATLIKLARININ SPORTİF BAŞARIYA ETKİSİ VE KULÜPLERİNE MALİYETİNİN İNCELENMESİ: 2019-2022 ARASINDA KALAN ÜÇ SEZON
Öz
Bu araştırmanın amacı, Türkiye Süper Ligi’nin 2019-2020-2021-2022 arasında kalan üç sezonunda futbolcu sakatlıklarının sportif başarıya etkisi ve kulüplerine maliyetinin incelenmesidir. Araştırmada, Süper Lig’de üç sezonda yer alan toplam 59 kulüp, bu kulüplerin geniş kadrolarında yer alan futbolcular (n=2,388) incelenmiştir. Araştırmada karma araştırma metodundan istifade edilmiş, doküman analizi yapılmıştır. Takım kadrolarının belirlenmesinde takımların tam kadroları esas alınmıştır. Kulüplerin bir sezon boyunca oynadığı, lig, Avrupa Elemeleri ve Türkiye Kupası maçlarının tamamı araştırmaya dahil edilmiştir. Toplam sakatlık maliyetinin hesaplanmasında, oyuncunun piyasa değeri karşılığı maça çıkılamayan süre ve sakatlık nedeniyle alınamayan puan karşılığı yaşanan gelir kaybı hesaplamalara dahil edilmiştir. Sağlık harcamaları hesaplama dışında tutulmuştur. Araştırmada incelenen üç sezonun ortalamaları bakımından, her sezonda sakatlanan futbolcu sayısı 422, yaşanan sakatlık sayısı 1,046, kulüp başına sakatlık sayısı 44, kulüp başına sakatlanan futbolcu sayısı yaklaşık 22 ve futbolcu başına ortalama sakatlık sayısı 1,79 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Sakatlıkların yaşanmaması durumunda alınabilecek puanlara göre gerçekleşen lig sıralamasında bazı değişiklikler olabileceği bulunmuştur. İncelenen son üç sezonda, toplam sakatlık maliyetinin yaklaşık 300 milyon avro, üç sezon ortalamasının ise yaklaşık 100 milyon avro olduğu, takımların piyasa değerine göre sakatlıkların kulüplerine her sezonda ortalama maliyetinin yaklaşık 4,5 milyon avro olduğu, sakatlıkların toplam maliyetinin her sezonda ortalama olarak kulüp başına (yaklaşık) beş milyon avro olduğu görülmüştür. İncelenen üç sezonda da sakatlıkların toplam maliyetinin takım piyasa değerine bağlı olarak yükseldiği ve ligi üst sıralarda bitiren kulüplerde daha fazla sayıda yaşandığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Kulüplerin önleyici tedbirlere başvurmalarının ve bu kapsamda, antrenman teknikleri başta olmak üzere sakatlıkların önlenmesinde yapay zekâ, istatistiksel verilerin kullanılması, futbolcuların fiziksel durumlarının sürekli takip ve değerlendirilmesi şeklinde tedbirlere önem vermeleri önerilebilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- AA. (2021). Süper Lig'de takımlar şampiyonluğun yanı sıra büyük bir geliri de kovalıyor. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/futbol/super-ligde-takimlar-sampiyonlugun-yani-sira-buyuk-bir-geliri-de-kovaliyor/ 2241042, Erişim Tarihi: 20 Kasım 2022
- Adriano, L. (2021). Football injuries and COVID-19-how much are they costing clubs? https://www. insurancebusinessmag.com/uk/news/breaking-news/football-injuries-and-covid19--how-much-are-they-costing-clubs-310661.aspx, Erişim Tarihi: 8 Kasım 2022
- Alhdad, T. H. A., Gavrilović, P. & Životić, D. (2020). Economic effects of injurıes in elite soccer players with regard to ankle injury, Physical Education and Sport, 18(1), 83-92. doi: https://doi.org/10.22190/FUPES190918008A
- Arnason, A., Sigurdsson, S. B., Gudmundsson, A., Holme, I., Engebretsen, L., & Bahr, R. (2004). Physical fitness, injuries, and team performance in soccer. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36(2), 278-85. doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000113478.92945.CA.
- Bahr, R., Kannus, P. & Van Mechelen, W. (2003). Epidemiology and prevention of sport injuries. In: Textbook of Sports Medicine. Kjaer, M., Krogsgaard, M. Magnusson, P., Engebretsen, L., Roos, H., & Takala, T. (Eds.), Massachusetts: Blackwell. 299-314.
- Batten, L. (2019). What Can Data Tell Us About Injuries at the World’s Top Football Clubs? https://www.brinknews.com/what-can-data-tell-us-about-injuries-at-the-worlds-top-football-clubs/, Erişim Tarihi: 23 Kasım 2022
- Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27-40. doi: https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027
- Catapultsports. The Cost of Injury, https://www.catapultsports.com/the-cost-of-injury. Erişim Tarihi: 20 Ekim 2022
- Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Çetindemir, A., Yüksek, S., Cihan, H. ve Sağlam, M. (2021). COVID-19 öncesi ve süresindeki Avrupa Futbol Ligleri sakatlık prevalansı: Kesitsel araştırma, Türkiye Klinikleri Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(3), 375-85. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/sportsci.2021-83730
- Dupont, G., Nedelec, M., McCall, A., McCormack, D., Berthoin, S. & Wisløff, U. (2010). Effect of 2 Soccer Matches in a Week on Physical Performance and Injury Rate, The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 38, (9) 1752-1758. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546510361236
- Dupont, G. & McCall, A. (2016). Targeted systems of the body for training. In: Strudwick T, ed. Soccer Science Chapter 11. (ss.221-247) Human Kinetics. Illinois, Champaign
- Eirale. C., Tol, J. L., Farooq, A, Smiley, F. & Chalabi, H. (2013). Low injury rate strongly correlates with team success in Qatari professional football, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(12), 807-808. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091040
- Ekstrand, J. (2008). Epidemiology of football injuriesÉtude épidémiologique des blessures chez le footballeur, Science & Sports, 23(2),73-77. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2007.10.012
- Ekstrand, J., Hägglund, M. & Waldén, M. (2011). Injury incidence and injury patterns in professional football: The UEFA injury study, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45, 553-558. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.060582
- Ekstrand, J. (2013). Keeping your top players on the pithch: the key to football medicine at a professional level, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(12), 723-724. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092771
- Ekstrand, J., Spreco, A., Bengtsson, H. & Bahr, R. (2021). Injury rates decreased in men’s professional football: An 18-year prospective cohort study of almost 12 000 injuries sustained during 1.8 million hours of play, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55, 1084-1092. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-103159
- Eliakim E, Morgulev E, Lidor R, & Meckel, Y. (2020). Estimation of injury costs: financial damage of English Premier League teams’ underachievement due to injuries. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 6: e000675. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000675
- Fernández-Cuevas I., Gomez-Carmona P., Sillero-Quintana M., Noya-Solces J., Arnaiz-Lastras J. & Pastor-Barrón, A (2010). Economic costs estimation of soccer injuries in first and second Spanish division professional teams, 15th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Sciences ECSS At: Antalya (Turkey).
- Fuller, C.W., Ekstrand, J. Junge, A., Andersen, T. E., Bahr, R., Dvorak, J., Hägglund, M., McCrory, P. & Meeuwisse, W. H. (2006). Consensus statement on injury definitions and data collection procedures in studies of football (soccer) injuries, British Journal of Sports Medicine, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.025270
- Gangcuangco (2019). Premier League clubs suffer record injuries and costs in 2018-19 season, https://www.insurancebusinessmag.com/asia/news/breaking-news/premier-league-clubs-suffer-record-injuries-and-costs-in-201819-season-175243.aspx, Erişim Tarihi: 20 Kasım 2022
- Gzt.com, (2019). Büyük Pasta: Süper Lig'de yayın gelirleri nasıl dağıtılacak? https://www.gzt.com/ zpor/super-ligde-2019-20-sezonu-yayin-gelirleri-ne-kadar-galibiyet-beraberlik-ve-sampiyonluk-primi-ne-kadar-3511334, Erişim Tarihi: 20 Ekim 2022
- Hägglund, M., Walden, M., Magnusson, H., Kristenson, K., Bengtsson, H. & Ekstrand, J. (2013). Injuries affect team performance negatively in professional football: an 11-year follow-up of the UEFA Champions League injury study, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(12), 738-742. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092215
- Hoenig, T., Edouard, P., Krause, M., Malhan, D., Relógio, A., Junge, A. & Hollander, K. (2022). Analysis of more than 20,000 injuries in European professional football by using a citizen science-based approach: An opportunity for epidemiological research? Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 25(4), 300-305. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2021.11.038
- Hawkins, R.D., Hulse, M.A., Wilkinson, C., Hodson, A. & Gibson, M. (2001). The association football medical research programme: an audit of injuries in professional football. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(1), 43-47. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.35.1.43
- Howden Sport & Entertainment (2022). Are Delighted to Present The 2021/22 European Football Injury Index-Mid Season Update, 1-52. https://www.howdengroup.com/news-and-insights/howdens-european-footbal-Injury-Index-reveals-record-injury-cost-of-over-500m-for-2021-22-season, Erişim Tarihi: 29 Aralık 2022.
- Hickey J, Shield A. J., Williams M. D., & Opar, D. A. (2014). The financial cost of hamstring strain injuries in the Australian Football League, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48,729-730. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2013-092884
- Ibrahimović, M., Mustafović, E., Čaušević, D., Alić, H., Jelešković, E. & Talović, M. (2021). Injury rate in professional football: A systematic review, International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports, 10(2), 52-63. doi: https://doi.org/10.34256/ijpefs2126
- Inklaar, H. (1994). Soccer Injuries, I: Incidence and severity, Sports Medicine, 18 (1), 55-73. doi:0112-1642194jOOOHJ055jS09.50jO
- Jain, N., Murray, D., Kemp, S. & Calder, J. (2014). Frequency and trends in foot and ankle injuries within an English Premier League Football Club using a new impact factor of injury to identify a focus for injury prevention, Foot and Ankle Surgery, 20, 237-240. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fas.2014.05.004
- JLT Specialty (2018). JLT reveals Premier League injury bill. https://northern-assessors.co.uk/2018/08/14/jlt-reveals-premier-league-injury-bill/, Erişim Tarihi: 22 Kasım 2022
- Kinesport (2019). Football Injury Index-English Premier League 2018-19 Review-Kinesport. https:// www.readkong.com/page/football-injury-index-English-premier-league-2018-19-9752534, Erişim Tarihi: 24 Kasım 2022)
- Kisser, R. & Bauer, R. (2012). The burden of sports injuries in the European Union. Research report D2h of the project “Safety in Sports”. Vienna: Austrian Road Safety Board (Kuratorium für Verkehrssicherheit). 1-93. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.2010.029215.752
- Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. Jossey-Bass. San Francisco,CA-USA
- Nasır, A., Albayrak, K. ve Kürk, M. B. (2022). Türkiye profesyonel birinci liginde 10 ardışık sezonda gerçekleşen ön çapraz bağ yaralanmalarının epidemiyolojik özellikleri, Spor Hekimliği Dergisi, 57(3), 155-160. doi: https:/doi.org/10.47447/tjsm.0649
- Nielsen, R. O., Bertelsen, M. L., Ramskov, D., Møller, M., Hulme, A., Theisen, D. ve ark. (2019). Time-to-event analysis for sports injury research part 2: time-varying outcomes, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 53 (1), 70-78. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-100000
- Nogueira, M., Laiginhas, R., Ramos, J. & Costa O. (2017). Injuries in Portuguese amateur youth football players: A six-month prospective descriptive study. Acta Médica Portuguesa, 30, 840-7. doi: https://doi.org/10.20344/amp.8835
- Soligard, T., Grindem, H., Bahr. R. & Andersen T. E. (2010). Are skilled players at greater risk of injury in female youth football? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 44, 1118-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2010.075093
- Saulo, D. B., Roland, R. & Evert, V. (2018). Considerations and interpretation of sports injury prevention studies. Clinics in Sports Medicine, 37(3), 413-425. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csm.2018.03.006
- TCMB (2021). Bülten No: 2021/96, 24.05.2021 Günü Saat 15.30’da Belirlenen Gösterge Niteliğindeki Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası Kurları. https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/kurlar/202105/25052021.xml, Erişim Tarihi: 20 Ekim 2022.
- Wong, P. & Hong, Y. (2005). Soccer injury in the lower extremities. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39, 473-82. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.015511
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Fiziksel Aktivite ve Sağlık, Spor Faaliyetleri Yönetimi |
| Bölüm | Research Article |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 20 Ekim 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4 |
