Derleme
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Objective Approaches to Monitoring Training Internal Loads

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 48 - 64, 30.06.2023

Gökhan İpekoğlu Tuğçe Çalcalı Ebru Şenel

https://doi.org/10.30769/usbd.1294669

Öz

The activity performed during training or competition, regardless of internal features, is referred to as external load. External load indicators in training planning include runback, running speeds, acceleration, weight lifted, etc. Measurements of training internal load offer more precise and unbiased details regarding the physiological functions of the athlete. Methods such as TRIMP (training impulse), lactate concentrations, heart rate, immunologic-hormonal markers, and oxygen consumption are used to measure internal load. Blood samples are usually acquired from athletes to monitor the biochemical-hormonal elements and the training loads caused by these elements in the athlete during the calculation of biochemical parameters while monitoring the training loads in the athlete. However, since this is both costly and challenging for coaches, saliva samples have recently been utilized to measure these physiological markers. Saliva samples are easy for medical professionals to use, and they reduce the cost. Utilizing training load monitoring to calculate the ideal quantity of training needed to maximize an athlete's efficiency has grown to be a crucial practice for coaches and sports scientists. This compilation study was carried out in the light of scientific studies and books reached by using the keywords "Training", "Internal Loading", "Biochemical Parameter" in Web of Science, PubMed, Elsevier, Semantic Scholar and Google Scholar databases between 2022-2023. When the training load is appropriately studied for each athlete, adaptations to training can be determined, rest times can be altered, distinct individual reactions to training can be understood, and athletes' injury risks can be decreased. In conclusion, the present study aimed to establish theoretical knowledge on the methodologies utilized in internal training load imaging based on the relevant literature, as well as the significance of imaging training loads to prevent injuries and maximize performance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Training Internal loading Objective approaches

Kaynakça

  • Agostinho, M. F., Moreira, A., Julio, U. F., Marcolino, G. S., Antunes, B. M., Lira, F. S., & Franchini, E. (2017). Monitoring internal training load and salivary immune-endocrine responses during an annual judo training periodization. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 13(1), 68-75. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.1732850.425
  • Akselrod, S., Gordon, D., Ubel, F. A., Shannon, D. C., Berger, A. C., & Cohen, R. J. (1981). Power spectrum analysis of heart rate fluctuation: A quantitative probe of beat-to-beat cardiovascular control. Science, 213(4504), 220-222. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6166045
  • Akubat, I., Barrett, S., Sagarra, M. L., & Abt, G. (2018). The validity of external: internal training load ratios in rested and fatigued soccer players. Sports, 6(2), 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6020044
  • Akyıldız, Z. (2019). Antrenman yükü. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(2), 152-175. https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.528148
  • Alemdaroğlu U., Köklü, Y. (2017). Antrenman yükü takibi ve sakatlık önlemedeki rolü. Turkiye Klinikleri J Sports Med-Special Topics, 3(3),184-90.
  • Alexandre, D., Da Silva, C. D., Hill-Haas, S., Wong, D. P., Natali, A. J., De Lima, J. R., ... & Karim, C. (2012). Heart rate monitoring in soccer: interest and limits during competitive match play and training, practical application. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(10), 2890-2906. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182429ac7
  • Armstrong, R. B. (1990). Initial events in exercise-induced muscular injury. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 22(4), 429-435. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199008000-00
  • Araneo, B. A., Dowell, T., Diegel, M., & Daynes, R. A. (1991). Dihydrotestosterone exerts a depressive influence on the production of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and gamma-interferon, but not IL-2 by activated murine T cells. Blood, 78(3), 688-699. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V78.3.688.688
  • Banister, E.W. (1991). Modeling elite athletic performance. In: Physiological testing of elite athletes. Human Kinetics. pp 403–424.
  • Beneke, R., Leithäuser, R. M., & Ochentel, O. (2011). Blood lactate diagnostics in exercise testing and training. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 6(1), 8-24. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.6.1.8
  • Billat, L. Véronique. (1996). Use of blood lactate measurements for prediction of exercise performance and for control of training. Sports Medicine, 22(3), 157-175. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199622030-00003
  • Bircher, S., Enggist, A., Jehle, T., & Knechtle, B. (2006). Effects of an extreme endurance race on energy balance and body composition-a case study. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 5(1), 154- 162.
  • Bourdon, P. C., Cardinale, M., Murray, A., Gastin, P., Kellmann, M., Varley, M. C., ... & Cable, N. T. (2017). Monitoring athlete training loads: consensus statement. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(s2), S2-161. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2017-0208
  • Buchheit, M., Voss, S. C., Nybo, L., Mohr, M., & Racinais, S. (2011). Physiological and performance adaptations to an in‐season soccer camp in the heat: Associations with heart rate and heart rate variability. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 21(6), 477-485. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01378.x
  • Buchheit, M. (2014). Monitoring training status with HR measures: do all roads lead to Rome?. Frontiers in Physiology, 5(73). https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2014.00073
  • Cardinale, M., & Varley, M. C. (2017). Wearable training-monitoring technology: Applications, challenges, and opportunities. International Journal of Sports Physiology & Performance, 12(2), 55-62. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0423
  • Castagna, C., Impellizzeri, F. M., Chaouachi, A., Bordon, C., & Manzi, V. (2011). Effect of training intensity distribution on aerobic fitness variables in elite soccer players: A case study. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(1), 66-71. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181fef3d3
  • Cengizhan Aksen, P., & Günay, M. (2019). Çabuk kuvvet ve kuvvette devamlılık antrenman metotlarının erkek basketbolculardaki bazı teknik, motorik özelliklere ve kas hasarına etkilerinin incelenmesi. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(1), 43-57.
  • Collette, R., Kellmann, M., Ferrauti, A., Meyer, T., & Pfeiffer, M. (2018). Relation between training load and recovery-stress state in high-performance swimming. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 845. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00845
  • Dubois, R., Lyons, M., Paillard, T., Maurelli, O., & Prioux, J. (2018). Influence of weekly workload on physical, biochemical and psychological characteristics in professional rugby union players over a competitive season. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 34(2), 527-545. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002741
  • Edwards, S. (1993). High performance training and racing. The Heart Rate Monitor Book, 349, 113-123.
  • Epstein, Y. (1995). Clinical significance of serum creatine phosphokinase activity levels following exercise. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences, 31(11), 698-699.
  • Erbil, M. K. (2007). Laboratuvar testleri ve klinik kullanımı. GATA Komutanlığı Basımevi Müdürlüğü, Ankara. S: 290.
  • Evans, W. J., & Cannon, J. G. (1991). The metabolic effects of exercise-induced muscle damage. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 19, 99-125.
  • Foster, C. (1998). Monitoring training in athletes with reference to overtraining syndrome. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(7), 1164-1168. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199807000-00023
  • Hall, J. E., & Hall, M. E. (2020). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology e-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
  • Heisterberg, M. F., Fahrenkrug, J., Krustrup, P., Storskov, A., Kjær, M., & Andersen, J. L. (2013). Extensive monitoring through multiple blood samples in professional soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(5), 1260-1271. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182653d17
  • Heisterberg, M. F., Fahrenkrug, J., & Andersen, J. L. (2014). Multiple blood samples in elite soccer players. Is it worth while?. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(13), 1324-1327. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.898859
  • Hulin, B. T., Gabbett, T. J., Johnston, R. D., & Jenkins, D. G. (2018). Playerload variables are sensitive to changes in direction and not related to collision workloads in rugby league match-play. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance,13(9),1136-1142. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0557
  • Gomes, R. V., Moreira, A., Lodo, L., Nosaka, K., Coutts, A. J., & Aoki, M. S. (2013). Monitoring training loads, stress, immune-endocrine responses and performance in tennis players. Biology of Sport, 30(3), 173-180. https://doi.org/10.5604/20831862.1059169
  • Impellizzeri, F. M., Menaspà, P., Coutts, A. J., Kalkhoven, J., & Menaspa, M. J. (2020). Training load and its role in injury prevention, part I: Back to the future. Journal of Athletic Training, 55(9), 885-892. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-500-19
  • Impellizzeri, F. M., Tenan, M. S., Kempton, T., Novak, A., & Coutts, A. J. (2020). Acute: chronic workload ratio: conceptual issues and fundamental pitfalls. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 15(6), 907-913. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0864
  • Jacks, D. E., Sowash, J., Anning, J., McGloughlin, T., & Andres, F. (2002). Effect of exercise at three exercise intensities on salivary cortisol. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 16(2), 286-289. https://doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(2002)016<0286:eoeate>2.0.co;2
  • Karvonen, M. J. (1957). The effects of training on heart rate: A longitudinal study. Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn, 35, 307-315.
  • Kellmann, M., Bertollo, M., Bosquet, L., Brink, M., Coutts, AJ, Duffield, R., & Beckmann, J. (2018). Recovery and a performance in sport: consensus statement. Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 13(2), 240-245. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0759
  • Kiely, J. (2012). Periodization paradigms in the 21st century: evidence-led or tradition-driven? International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 7(3), 242-250. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.7.3.242
  • Lambert, M. I., & Borresen, J. (2010). Measuring training load in sports. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 5(3), 406-411. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.5.3.406
  • Lilleng, H., Abeler, K., Johnsen, S. H., Stensland, E., Løseth, S., Jorde, R., & Bekkelund, S. I. (2011). Variation of serum creatine kinase (CK) levels and prevalence of persistent hyperCKemia in a Norwegian normal population. The Tromsø Study. Neuromuscular Disorders, 21(7), 494-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmd.2011.04.007
  • Lucía, A., Hoyos, J., Santalla, A., Earnest, C., & Chicharro, J. L. (2003). Tour de France versus Vuelta a Espana: which is harder?. Medicine & Science in Sports&Exercise, 35(5), 872-878. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000064999.82036.B4
  • Luo, M., & Tu, Y. (2015). Application of TRIMP in training monitoring of competitive sports. The Open Cybernetics & Systemics Journal, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.2174/1874110X01509012463
  • Manzi, V., Iellamo, F., Impellizzeri, F., D’ottavio, S., & Castagna, C. (2009). Relation between individualized training impulses and performance in distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 41(11), 2090-2096. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a6a959
  • Meyer, T., & Meister, S. (2011). Routine blood parameters in elite soccer players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 32(11), 875-881. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1280776
  • McGuigan, M. (2017). Monitoring training and performance in athletes. Human Kinetics.
  • Moghadam-Kia, S., Oddis, C. V., & Aggarwal, R. (2016). Approach to asymptomatic creatine kinase elevation. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 83(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.83a.14120
  • Moreira, A., Arsati, F., de Oliveira Lima‐Arsati, Y. B., Simões, A. C., & de Araújo, V. C. (2011). Monitoring stress tolerance and occurrences of upper respiratory illness in basketball players by means of psychometric tools and salivary biomarkers. Stress and Health, 27(3), 166-172. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1354
  • Moreira, A., Mortatti, A. L., Arruda, A. F., Freitas, C. G., de Arruda, M., & Aoki, M. S. (2014). Salivary IgA response and upper respiratory tract infection symptoms during a 21-week competitive season in young soccer players. The Journal of Strength &Conditioning Research, 28(2), 467-473. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31829b5512
  • Mujıka, I. (2017). Quantification of training and competition loads in endurance sports: methods and applications. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(2), S2-9-S2-17. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0403
  • Polat, H. (2014). Bazı biyokimyasal testlerin referans aralık belirleme çalışması. Doktora Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tıbbi Biyokimya Anabilimdalı, Erzurum.
  • Pedersen, B. K., & Hoffman-Goetz, L. (2000). Exercise and the immune system: regulation, integration, and adaptation. Physiological Reviews, 80(3) s. 1055-1081. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.3.1055
  • Polat, Y. (2004). Sedanterlere Uygulanan Akut ve Kronik Aerobik Egzersizlerin İmmunglobulinler, Bazı Hormonlar ve Hematolojik Parametreler Üzerine Etkilerinin İncelenmesi. Doktora Tezi Marmara Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Anabilimdalı, İstanbul.
  • Robinson, D. M., Robinson, S. M., Hume, P. A., & Hopkins, W. G. (1991). Training intensity of elite male distance runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 23(9), 1078–1082. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199109000-00013
  • Robinson, D., Williams, P. T., Worthington, D. J., & Carter, T. J. (1982). Raised creatine kinase activity and presence of creatine kinase MB isoenzyme after exercise. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research ed.), 285(6355). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.285.6355.1619
  • Scott, T. J., Black, C. R., Quinn, J., & Coutts, A. J. (2013). Validity and reliability of the session-RPE method for quantifying training in Australian football: A comparison of the CR10 and CR100 scales. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(1), 270–276. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182541d2e
  • Silva, J. R., Rebelo, A., Marques, F., Pereira, L., Seabra, A., Ascensão, A., & Magalhães, J. (2014). Biochemical impact of soccer: an analysis of hormonal, muscle damage, and redox markers during the season. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 39(4), 432-438. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2013-0180
  • Smith, L. L., Keating, M. N., Holbert, D., Spratt, D. J., McCammon, M. R., Smith, S. S., & Israel, R. G. (1994). The effects of athletic massage on delayed onset muscle soreness, creatine kinase, and neutrophil count: a preliminary report. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 19(2), 93-99. https://www.jospt.org/doi/10.2519/jospt.1994.19.2.93
  • Stagno, K. M., Thatcher, R., & Van Someren, K. A. (2007). A modified TRIMP to quantify the in-season training load of team sport players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(6), 629-634. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410600811817
  • Swart, J., & Jennings, C. L. (2004). Use of blood lactate concentration as a marker of training status. South African Journal of Sports Medicine, 16(3), 1-5.
  • Swain, D. P., Leutholtz, B. C., King, M. E., Haas, L. A., & Branch, J. D. (1998). Relationship between % heart rate reserve and% VO2 reserve in treadmill exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(2), 318-321. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199802000-00022
  • Teixeira, J. E., Forte, P., Ferraz, R., Leal, M., Ribeiro, J., Silva, A. J., & Monteiro, A. M. (2021). Monitoring accumulated training and match load in football: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8), 3906. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083906
  • Turek, J.P. (2014). Campbell-Walsh üroloji. Yaman Ö. (ed), Erkek reprodüktif fizyolojisi. (1. Baskı). Güneş Kitabevi, s.591-615.
  • Vingren, J. L., Kraemer, W. J., Ratamess, N. A., Anderson, J. M., Volek, J. S., & Maresh, C. M. (2010). Testosterone physiology in resistance exercise and training. Sports Medicine, 40(12), 1037-1053. https://doi.org/10.2165/11536910-000000000-00000
  • Yaşlı, B. Ç., Karayiğit, R., Karabıyık, H., & Koz., M. (2020). Antrenman yükü ölçüm yöntemleri: Bilimsel yaklaşım. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences, 12(3), 421-433. https://doi.org/10.5336/sportsci.2020-75415
  • Wang, L., Zhang, J., Wang, J., He, W., & Huang, H. (2012). Effects of high-intensity training and resumed training on macroelement and microelement of elite basketball athletes. Biological Trace Element Research, 149(2), 148–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-012-9420-y
  • Weaving, D., Dalton-Barron, N., McLaren, S., Scantlebury, S., Cummins, C., Roe, G., ... & Abt, G. (2020). The relative contribution of training intensity and duration to daily measures of training load in professional rugby league and union. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(14), 1674-1681. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1754725

Antrenman İç Yüklerinin Görüntülenmesinde Objektif Yaklaşımlar

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 48 - 64, 30.06.2023

Gökhan İpekoğlu Tuğçe Çalcalı Ebru Şenel

https://doi.org/10.30769/usbd.1294669

Öz

Antrenman iç yükü, antrenman veya yarışma esnasında sporcu organizmasının maruz kaldığı stresler sonucunda oluşan fizyolojik ve psikolojik tepkilerdir. Antrenman iç yük ölçümleri sporcudaki fizyolojik süreçlerle ilgili daha detaylı ve objektif bilgiler sunmaktadır. İç yükü ölçebilmek için TRİMP (Training impulse), laktat konsantrasyonları, kalp atım hızı, immünolojik-hormonal belirteçler, oksijen tüketimi gibi yöntemler bulunmaktadır. Sporcuda oluşan antrenman iç yükleri takip edilirken biyokimyasal parametrelerin hesaplanmasında genellikle sporculardan kan örnekleri alınarak biyokimyasal-hormonal unsurlar ve bu unsurların sporcuda oluşturduğu antrenman yükleri görüntülenmeye çalışıldığı bilinmektedir ancak bu uygulama hem maliyetli hem de antrenörler için uygulama açısından zorlayıcı olması sebebiyle, yakın zamanda bu fizyolojik belirteçlerin ölçülmesinde tükürük örneklerinin kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Tükürük örneklerinin kullanılması uygulayıcılar açısından kullanım kolaylığı sağlayarak maliyetin de düşmesini sağlamaktadır. Antrenörler ve spor bilimcilerin, sporcularda maksimum verimliliğe ulaşabilmek için gerekli olan en uygun antrenman miktarını belirlemede antrenman yükü takibinden faydalanmaları oldukça önemli bir uygulama haline gelmiştir. Bu derleme çalışması, 2022-2023 yılları arasında, Web of Science, Pub Med, Elsevier, Semantic Scholar ve Google Scholar veri tabanlarında, "Training", "İnternal Loading", " Biochemical Parameter" anahtar kelimeleri kullanılarak ulaşılan bilimsel çalışmalar ve kitaplar ışığında yapılmıştır.Antrenman iç yükü her sporcu için doğru analiz edilirse, sporcularda antrenmanlara karşı oluşan uyumlar belirlenebilir, ihtiyaç duyulan dinlenme süreleri ayarlanabilir, antrenmanlara verilen farklı bireysel yanıtlar anlaşılabilir ve sporcuların sakatlık riskleri azaltılabilir. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma ile literatürdeki ilgili çalışmalardan yola çıkarak antrenman iç yük görüntülenmesinde kullanılan yöntemler için teorik bilgiler vermek, sakatlıkların önüne geçmek ve performansı optimum düzeye getirmek için antrenman yüklerini görüntülemenin önemi amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antrenman İç Yüklenme Objektif Yaklaşımlar

Kaynakça

  • Agostinho, M. F., Moreira, A., Julio, U. F., Marcolino, G. S., Antunes, B. M., Lira, F. S., & Franchini, E. (2017). Monitoring internal training load and salivary immune-endocrine responses during an annual judo training periodization. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 13(1), 68-75. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.1732850.425
  • Akselrod, S., Gordon, D., Ubel, F. A., Shannon, D. C., Berger, A. C., & Cohen, R. J. (1981). Power spectrum analysis of heart rate fluctuation: A quantitative probe of beat-to-beat cardiovascular control. Science, 213(4504), 220-222. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6166045
  • Akubat, I., Barrett, S., Sagarra, M. L., & Abt, G. (2018). The validity of external: internal training load ratios in rested and fatigued soccer players. Sports, 6(2), 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6020044
  • Akyıldız, Z. (2019). Antrenman yükü. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(2), 152-175. https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.528148
  • Alemdaroğlu U., Köklü, Y. (2017). Antrenman yükü takibi ve sakatlık önlemedeki rolü. Turkiye Klinikleri J Sports Med-Special Topics, 3(3),184-90.
  • Alexandre, D., Da Silva, C. D., Hill-Haas, S., Wong, D. P., Natali, A. J., De Lima, J. R., ... & Karim, C. (2012). Heart rate monitoring in soccer: interest and limits during competitive match play and training, practical application. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26(10), 2890-2906. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182429ac7
  • Armstrong, R. B. (1990). Initial events in exercise-induced muscular injury. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 22(4), 429-435. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199008000-00
  • Araneo, B. A., Dowell, T., Diegel, M., & Daynes, R. A. (1991). Dihydrotestosterone exerts a depressive influence on the production of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and gamma-interferon, but not IL-2 by activated murine T cells. Blood, 78(3), 688-699. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V78.3.688.688
  • Banister, E.W. (1991). Modeling elite athletic performance. In: Physiological testing of elite athletes. Human Kinetics. pp 403–424.
  • Beneke, R., Leithäuser, R. M., & Ochentel, O. (2011). Blood lactate diagnostics in exercise testing and training. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 6(1), 8-24. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.6.1.8
  • Billat, L. Véronique. (1996). Use of blood lactate measurements for prediction of exercise performance and for control of training. Sports Medicine, 22(3), 157-175. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199622030-00003
  • Bircher, S., Enggist, A., Jehle, T., & Knechtle, B. (2006). Effects of an extreme endurance race on energy balance and body composition-a case study. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 5(1), 154- 162.
  • Bourdon, P. C., Cardinale, M., Murray, A., Gastin, P., Kellmann, M., Varley, M. C., ... & Cable, N. T. (2017). Monitoring athlete training loads: consensus statement. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(s2), S2-161. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2017-0208
  • Buchheit, M., Voss, S. C., Nybo, L., Mohr, M., & Racinais, S. (2011). Physiological and performance adaptations to an in‐season soccer camp in the heat: Associations with heart rate and heart rate variability. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 21(6), 477-485. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01378.x
  • Buchheit, M. (2014). Monitoring training status with HR measures: do all roads lead to Rome?. Frontiers in Physiology, 5(73). https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2014.00073
  • Cardinale, M., & Varley, M. C. (2017). Wearable training-monitoring technology: Applications, challenges, and opportunities. International Journal of Sports Physiology & Performance, 12(2), 55-62. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0423
  • Castagna, C., Impellizzeri, F. M., Chaouachi, A., Bordon, C., & Manzi, V. (2011). Effect of training intensity distribution on aerobic fitness variables in elite soccer players: A case study. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(1), 66-71. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181fef3d3
  • Cengizhan Aksen, P., & Günay, M. (2019). Çabuk kuvvet ve kuvvette devamlılık antrenman metotlarının erkek basketbolculardaki bazı teknik, motorik özelliklere ve kas hasarına etkilerinin incelenmesi. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(1), 43-57.
  • Collette, R., Kellmann, M., Ferrauti, A., Meyer, T., & Pfeiffer, M. (2018). Relation between training load and recovery-stress state in high-performance swimming. Frontiers in Physiology, 9, 845. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00845
  • Dubois, R., Lyons, M., Paillard, T., Maurelli, O., & Prioux, J. (2018). Influence of weekly workload on physical, biochemical and psychological characteristics in professional rugby union players over a competitive season. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 34(2), 527-545. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002741
  • Edwards, S. (1993). High performance training and racing. The Heart Rate Monitor Book, 349, 113-123.
  • Epstein, Y. (1995). Clinical significance of serum creatine phosphokinase activity levels following exercise. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences, 31(11), 698-699.
  • Erbil, M. K. (2007). Laboratuvar testleri ve klinik kullanımı. GATA Komutanlığı Basımevi Müdürlüğü, Ankara. S: 290.
  • Evans, W. J., & Cannon, J. G. (1991). The metabolic effects of exercise-induced muscle damage. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 19, 99-125.
  • Foster, C. (1998). Monitoring training in athletes with reference to overtraining syndrome. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(7), 1164-1168. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199807000-00023
  • Hall, J. E., & Hall, M. E. (2020). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology e-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
  • Heisterberg, M. F., Fahrenkrug, J., Krustrup, P., Storskov, A., Kjær, M., & Andersen, J. L. (2013). Extensive monitoring through multiple blood samples in professional soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(5), 1260-1271. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182653d17
  • Heisterberg, M. F., Fahrenkrug, J., & Andersen, J. L. (2014). Multiple blood samples in elite soccer players. Is it worth while?. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(13), 1324-1327. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.898859
  • Hulin, B. T., Gabbett, T. J., Johnston, R. D., & Jenkins, D. G. (2018). Playerload variables are sensitive to changes in direction and not related to collision workloads in rugby league match-play. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance,13(9),1136-1142. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0557
  • Gomes, R. V., Moreira, A., Lodo, L., Nosaka, K., Coutts, A. J., & Aoki, M. S. (2013). Monitoring training loads, stress, immune-endocrine responses and performance in tennis players. Biology of Sport, 30(3), 173-180. https://doi.org/10.5604/20831862.1059169
  • Impellizzeri, F. M., Menaspà, P., Coutts, A. J., Kalkhoven, J., & Menaspa, M. J. (2020). Training load and its role in injury prevention, part I: Back to the future. Journal of Athletic Training, 55(9), 885-892. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-500-19
  • Impellizzeri, F. M., Tenan, M. S., Kempton, T., Novak, A., & Coutts, A. J. (2020). Acute: chronic workload ratio: conceptual issues and fundamental pitfalls. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 15(6), 907-913. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0864
  • Jacks, D. E., Sowash, J., Anning, J., McGloughlin, T., & Andres, F. (2002). Effect of exercise at three exercise intensities on salivary cortisol. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 16(2), 286-289. https://doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(2002)016<0286:eoeate>2.0.co;2
  • Karvonen, M. J. (1957). The effects of training on heart rate: A longitudinal study. Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn, 35, 307-315.
  • Kellmann, M., Bertollo, M., Bosquet, L., Brink, M., Coutts, AJ, Duffield, R., & Beckmann, J. (2018). Recovery and a performance in sport: consensus statement. Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 13(2), 240-245. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0759
  • Kiely, J. (2012). Periodization paradigms in the 21st century: evidence-led or tradition-driven? International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 7(3), 242-250. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.7.3.242
  • Lambert, M. I., & Borresen, J. (2010). Measuring training load in sports. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 5(3), 406-411. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.5.3.406
  • Lilleng, H., Abeler, K., Johnsen, S. H., Stensland, E., Løseth, S., Jorde, R., & Bekkelund, S. I. (2011). Variation of serum creatine kinase (CK) levels and prevalence of persistent hyperCKemia in a Norwegian normal population. The Tromsø Study. Neuromuscular Disorders, 21(7), 494-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmd.2011.04.007
  • Lucía, A., Hoyos, J., Santalla, A., Earnest, C., & Chicharro, J. L. (2003). Tour de France versus Vuelta a Espana: which is harder?. Medicine & Science in Sports&Exercise, 35(5), 872-878. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000064999.82036.B4
  • Luo, M., & Tu, Y. (2015). Application of TRIMP in training monitoring of competitive sports. The Open Cybernetics & Systemics Journal, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.2174/1874110X01509012463
  • Manzi, V., Iellamo, F., Impellizzeri, F., D’ottavio, S., & Castagna, C. (2009). Relation between individualized training impulses and performance in distance runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 41(11), 2090-2096. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a6a959
  • Meyer, T., & Meister, S. (2011). Routine blood parameters in elite soccer players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 32(11), 875-881. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1280776
  • McGuigan, M. (2017). Monitoring training and performance in athletes. Human Kinetics.
  • Moghadam-Kia, S., Oddis, C. V., & Aggarwal, R. (2016). Approach to asymptomatic creatine kinase elevation. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 83(1), 37. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.83a.14120
  • Moreira, A., Arsati, F., de Oliveira Lima‐Arsati, Y. B., Simões, A. C., & de Araújo, V. C. (2011). Monitoring stress tolerance and occurrences of upper respiratory illness in basketball players by means of psychometric tools and salivary biomarkers. Stress and Health, 27(3), 166-172. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1354
  • Moreira, A., Mortatti, A. L., Arruda, A. F., Freitas, C. G., de Arruda, M., & Aoki, M. S. (2014). Salivary IgA response and upper respiratory tract infection symptoms during a 21-week competitive season in young soccer players. The Journal of Strength &Conditioning Research, 28(2), 467-473. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31829b5512
  • Mujıka, I. (2017). Quantification of training and competition loads in endurance sports: methods and applications. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(2), S2-9-S2-17. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0403
  • Polat, H. (2014). Bazı biyokimyasal testlerin referans aralık belirleme çalışması. Doktora Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tıbbi Biyokimya Anabilimdalı, Erzurum.
  • Pedersen, B. K., & Hoffman-Goetz, L. (2000). Exercise and the immune system: regulation, integration, and adaptation. Physiological Reviews, 80(3) s. 1055-1081. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.2000.80.3.1055
  • Polat, Y. (2004). Sedanterlere Uygulanan Akut ve Kronik Aerobik Egzersizlerin İmmunglobulinler, Bazı Hormonlar ve Hematolojik Parametreler Üzerine Etkilerinin İncelenmesi. Doktora Tezi Marmara Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Anabilimdalı, İstanbul.
  • Robinson, D. M., Robinson, S. M., Hume, P. A., & Hopkins, W. G. (1991). Training intensity of elite male distance runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 23(9), 1078–1082. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199109000-00013
  • Robinson, D., Williams, P. T., Worthington, D. J., & Carter, T. J. (1982). Raised creatine kinase activity and presence of creatine kinase MB isoenzyme after exercise. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research ed.), 285(6355). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.285.6355.1619
  • Scott, T. J., Black, C. R., Quinn, J., & Coutts, A. J. (2013). Validity and reliability of the session-RPE method for quantifying training in Australian football: A comparison of the CR10 and CR100 scales. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(1), 270–276. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3182541d2e
  • Silva, J. R., Rebelo, A., Marques, F., Pereira, L., Seabra, A., Ascensão, A., & Magalhães, J. (2014). Biochemical impact of soccer: an analysis of hormonal, muscle damage, and redox markers during the season. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 39(4), 432-438. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2013-0180
  • Smith, L. L., Keating, M. N., Holbert, D., Spratt, D. J., McCammon, M. R., Smith, S. S., & Israel, R. G. (1994). The effects of athletic massage on delayed onset muscle soreness, creatine kinase, and neutrophil count: a preliminary report. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 19(2), 93-99. https://www.jospt.org/doi/10.2519/jospt.1994.19.2.93
  • Stagno, K. M., Thatcher, R., & Van Someren, K. A. (2007). A modified TRIMP to quantify the in-season training load of team sport players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(6), 629-634. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410600811817
  • Swart, J., & Jennings, C. L. (2004). Use of blood lactate concentration as a marker of training status. South African Journal of Sports Medicine, 16(3), 1-5.
  • Swain, D. P., Leutholtz, B. C., King, M. E., Haas, L. A., & Branch, J. D. (1998). Relationship between % heart rate reserve and% VO2 reserve in treadmill exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(2), 318-321. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199802000-00022
  • Teixeira, J. E., Forte, P., Ferraz, R., Leal, M., Ribeiro, J., Silva, A. J., & Monteiro, A. M. (2021). Monitoring accumulated training and match load in football: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8), 3906. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083906
  • Turek, J.P. (2014). Campbell-Walsh üroloji. Yaman Ö. (ed), Erkek reprodüktif fizyolojisi. (1. Baskı). Güneş Kitabevi, s.591-615.
  • Vingren, J. L., Kraemer, W. J., Ratamess, N. A., Anderson, J. M., Volek, J. S., & Maresh, C. M. (2010). Testosterone physiology in resistance exercise and training. Sports Medicine, 40(12), 1037-1053. https://doi.org/10.2165/11536910-000000000-00000
  • Yaşlı, B. Ç., Karayiğit, R., Karabıyık, H., & Koz., M. (2020). Antrenman yükü ölçüm yöntemleri: Bilimsel yaklaşım. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences, 12(3), 421-433. https://doi.org/10.5336/sportsci.2020-75415
  • Wang, L., Zhang, J., Wang, J., He, W., & Huang, H. (2012). Effects of high-intensity training and resumed training on macroelement and microelement of elite basketball athletes. Biological Trace Element Research, 149(2), 148–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-012-9420-y
  • Weaving, D., Dalton-Barron, N., McLaren, S., Scantlebury, S., Cummins, C., Roe, G., ... & Abt, G. (2020). The relative contribution of training intensity and duration to daily measures of training load in professional rugby league and union. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(14), 1674-1681. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1754725
Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Spor Hekimliği
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Gökhan İpekoğlu 0000-0002-8530-0031

Tuğçe Çalcalı 0000-0003-2519-5038

Ebru Şenel 0000-0003-4157-2382

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 6 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA İpekoğlu, G., Çalcalı, T., & Şenel, E. (2023). Antrenman İç Yüklerinin Görüntülenmesinde Objektif Yaklaşımlar. Ulusal Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 48-64. https://doi.org/10.30769/usbd.1294669
 Kapak Resmi İndir