Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Doping in sports: athletes’ and coaches’ views

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 4, 163 - 174, 15.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.605331

Öz

Aim: This research aims to determine athletes' and coaches' views on the use and effects of doping and to make suggestions for the prevention of doping.

Methods: The research group consisted of athletes and coaches with various branches selected by purposeful sampling technique. Twelve males participated in the study (8 athletes and 4 coaches). The age of the participants was between 22 and 40 years and graduated. In order to ensure the validity and reliability of the data, the opinions of three experts working in the field of sports sciences were consulted. The data were first described systematically and explicitly, and then codes, and then the themes were determined by interpreting these descriptions. 

Results: Participants showed three main reasons for using doping: "to provide rapid muscle development", "to increase sport performance" and "to have a better physical appearance". Participants indicated that they are knowledgeable about doping damages but it is very difficult to prevent it from being used. However, as long as the opponents continue to use doping, they have stated that they will continue to use them as well. Participants who stated that they obtained doping materials mostly through "coaches", "pharmacies" and "intermediaries from abroad" stated that it would be possible to prevent the use of these substances only with the increase of the control and punishment across the country.


Conclusion: According to the results of the research, it has been observed that the athletes who use doping do not have sufficient knowledge about the ingredients or effects of the substances. Also, participants in the study indicated that legal regulations and inspections about the prevention of doping use were inadequate.

Kaynakça

  • Ajzen I, Driver B. L. (1992), Application of the theory of planned behaviour to leisure choice, Journal of Leisure Research, 24: 207-224.
  • Ajzen, I. (1971). Attitudinal vs. normative messages: An investigation of the differential effects of persuasive communications on behavior. Sociometry, 34(2), 263-280.
  • Allen, J., Taylor, J., Dimeo, P., Dixon, S., & Robinson, L. (2015). Predicting elite Scottish athletes’ attitudes towards doping: examining the contribution of achievement goals and motivational climate. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(9), 899-906.
  • Azaiez, F., Alajjouri, M. H. I., Lahmar, S., & Chalghaf, N. (2014). Bigorexia, perfectionism and overtraining among Tunisian team sport players. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 3(6), 9-16.
  • Barkoukis, V., Lazuras, L., Tsorbatzoudis, H., & Rodafinos, A. (2013). Motivational and social cognitive predictors of doping intentions in elite sports: An integrated approach. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science In Sports, 23, e330-e340.
  • Başkale, H. (2016). Nitel araştırmalarda geçerlik, güvenirlik ve örneklem büyüklüğünün belirlenmesi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 9(1).
  • Berg B., L. (1988). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. A Pearson Education Company. 4th Edition.
  • Berriam S., B. (2009). Qualitative research a guide to design and implementation. The Jossey-Bass, A Wiley Imprint. San Francisco.
  • Blank, C., Leichtfried, V., Schaiter, R., Fürhapter, C., Müller, D., & Schobersberger, W. (2015). Doping in sports: Knowledge and attitudes among parents of Austrian junior athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science In Sports, 25(1), 116-124.
  • Bowers, L. D., & Paternoster, R. (2017). Inhibiting doping in sports: deterrence is necessary, but not sufficient. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 11(1), 132-151.
  • Cannella, A. A., Jones, C. D., & Withers, M. C. (2015). Family-versus lone-founder-controlled public corporations: Social identity theory and boards of directors. Academy of Management Journal, 58(2), 436-459.
  • Chan, D. K., Donovan, R. J., Lentillon‐Kaestner, V., Hardcastle, S. J., Dimmock, J. A., Keatley, D. A., & Hagger, M. S. (2015). Young athletes' awareness and monitoring of anti‐doping in daily life: Does motivation matter? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science In Sports, 25, e655-e663.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage Publications.
  • De Hon, O., Kuipers, H., & Van Bottenburg, M. (2015). Prevalence of doping use in elite sports: a review of numbers and methods. Sports Medicine, 45(1), 57-69.
  • De-Leeuw A, Valois P, Ajzen I, Schmidt P. (2015), Using the theory of planned behaviour to identify key beliefs underlying pro-environmental behaviour in high-school students: Implications for educational interventions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 42, 128-138.
  • Erickson, K., McKenna, J., & Backhouse, S. H. (2015). A qualitative analysis of the factors that protect athletes against doping in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 149-155.
  • Erkuş, A. (2013). Davranış bilimleri için bilimsel araştırma süreci. Seçkin yayıncılık. Dördüncü baskı.
  • Hoff, D. (2015). The significance of social learning processes for doping use in the elite sport environment: An interview study of AAS-using athletes. In Malmö, Sweden: Research Seminar Series in Sport Sciences, Malmö University Retrieved from http://idrottsforum. org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/David-Hoff_doping. pdf.
  • Hutchinson, B., Moston, S., &Engelberg, T. (2018). Social validation: a motivational theory of doping in an online bodybuilding community. Sport in Society, 21(2), 260-282. Islam, G. (2014). Social identity theory. In Encyclopedia of Critical sychology (1781-1783). Springer New York.
  • Karataş, Z. (2015). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Manevi Temelli Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 62-80.
  • Kirby, K., Guerin, S., Moran, A. P., & Matthews, J. (2016). Doping in elite sport: linking behaviour, attitudes and psychological theory. In Barkoukis, V., Lazuras, L. and Tsorbatzoudis, H.(eds.). The Psychology of Doping in Sport (1-17). Routledge.
  • Koca, C. (2017). Spor bilimlerinde nitel araştırma yaklaşımı. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 28(1), 30-48.
  • Lazuras, L., Barkoukis, V., & Tsorbatzoudis, H. (2015). Toward an integrative model of doping use: an empirical study with adolescent athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 37(1), 37-50.
  • Mallia, L., Lucidi, F., Zelli, A., & Violani, C. (2013). Doping attitudes and the use of legal and illegal performance-enhancing substances among Italian adolescents. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 22(3), 179-190.
  • Negro, M., Marzullo, N., Caso, F., Calanni, L., & D’Antona, G. (2018). Opinion paper: scientific, philosophical and legal consideration of doping in sports. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 118(4), 729-736.
  • Ntoumanis, N., Barkoukis, V., Gucciardi, D. F., & Chan, D. K. C. (2017). Linking coach interpersonal style with athlete doping intentions and doping use: A prospective study. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 39(3), 188-198.
  • Ntoumanis, N., Ng, J. Y., Barkoukis, V., & Backhouse, S. (2014). Personal and psychosocial predictors of doping use in physical activity settings: a meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 44(11), 1603-1624.
  • Ohl, F., Fincoeur, B., Lentillon-Kaestner, V., Defrance, J., & Brissonneau, C. (2015). The socialization of young cyclists and the culture of doping. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 50(7), 865-882.
  • Outram, S., & Stewart, B. (2015). Doping through supplement use: a review of the available empirical data. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 25(1), 54-59.
  • Özbek O., (2013), Doping and Entry Examinations to Schools of Physical Education and Sports, International Journal of Physical Education, L (1), 28-39.
  • Psouni, S., Zourbanos, N., & Theodorakis, Y. (2015). Attitudes and Intentions of Greek Athletes and Coaches Regarding Doping. Health, 7(9), 1224-1233.
  • Ring, C., & Kavussanu, M. (2018). The role of self-regulatory efficacy, moral disengagement and guilt on doping likelihood: A social cognitive theory perspective. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(5), 578-584.
  • Saban A., & Ersoy A. (2016). Eğitimde nitel araştırma desenleri. Anı Yayıncılık, 1. Baskı, Ankara
  • Seggie & Bayyurt. (2017). Nitel araştırma yöntem, teknik, analiz ve Yaklaşımlar. Anı Yayıncılık, 2. Baskı. 2017.
  • Taware, G. B., & Bansode, D. G. (2015). Doping in sports. National Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 6(2), 69-92.
  • Tayade, M. C., & Latti, R. G. (2017). Doping in sports: Physiology Review. Steroids, 2(3), 5-10.
  • Teetzel, S. (2006). Sharing the blame: complicity, conspiracy, and collective responsibility in sport, Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis. Gymnica, 36(2), 85-93
  • Türkçapar, U., Mine, K., & Mustafa, K. (2014). Analysing the attitudes of elite wrestlers related to the use of doping. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 16(1), 128-134.
  • Ulrich, R., Pope, Jr., Harrison, G., Cleret, L., Petroczi, A., Nepusz, T., Schaffer, J., Kanayama, G., Comstock, R. D., & Simon, P. (2018). Doping in two elite athletics competitions assessed by randomized-response surveys. Sports Medicine, 48(1), 211-219.
  • Van den Broek, I., Blokland, M., Nessen, M. A., & Sterk, S. (2015). Current trends in mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins: Application to veterinary and sports‐doping control. Mass Spectrometry Reviews, 34(6), 571-594.
  • Walliman, N. (2017). Research methods: The basics. Routledge.

Sporda doping: antrenör ve sporcu görüşleri

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 4, 163 - 174, 15.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.605331

Öz

Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı sporcu ve antrenörlerin, doping kullanımına ve etkilerine ilişkin görüşlerini tespit etmek ve dopingin önlenmesine yönelik önerilerde bulunmaktır.

Materyal ve Metot: Araştırma grubu, amaçlı örnekleme tekniği ile seçilen çeşitli branşlara sahip sporcu ve antrenörlerden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmaya 12 kişi (8 sporcu ve 4 antrenör) katılmıştır. Araştırma grubunun tamamı erkek katılımcılardan oluşmaktadır. Katılımcılar 22-40 yaş aralığında olup, en az lise mezunudur. Verilerin geçerliğini ve güvenirliğini sağlamak için spor bilimleri alanında çalışan üç uzmanın görüşlerine başvurulmuştur. Veriler önce sistematik ve açık bir biçimde betimlenmiş, daha sonra yapılan bu betimlemeler yorumlanarak, önce kodlar, daha sonra temalar saptanmıştır. 

Bulgular: Katılımcılar, doping kullanma nedenleri olarak, “hızlı kas gelişimi sağlamak”, “sportif performans artışı sağlamak” ve “daha iyi bir fiziki görünüme sahip olmak” şeklinde üç ana neden göstermişlerdir. Katılımcılar doping maddelerinin zararları konusunda bilgileri olduğunu, ancak kullanılmasının önüne geçilmesinin çok zor olduğunu belirtmişlerdir. Ancak rakipleri doping kullanmaya devam ettiği sürece bu maddeleri kendilerinin de kullanmaya devam edeceklerini belirtmişlerdir. Doping maddelerini çoğunlukla “antrenörlerinden”, “eczanelerden” ve “yurtdışından aracılar yolu” ile elde ettiklerini belirten katılımcılar, bu maddelerin kullanılmasının önlenebilmesinin ancak ülke çapında yapılan denetim ve cezaların artırılması ile mümkün olabileceğini belirtmişlerdir. Katılımcılardan bazıları; bilinçli kullanılması, yeterli alım gücüne sahip olunması ve yarışmaya girilmesi durumunda doping maddelerini çevrelerindeki kişilere önerebileceklerini belirtirken, bazı katılımcılar ise bu maddelerin kullanılmamasını önereceklerini belirtmişlerdir.


Sonuç: Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre, doping kullanan sporcuların, maddelerin içeriği veya etkileri hakkında yeterli bilgiye sahip olmadığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca araştırmaya katılanlar, doping kullanımının önlenmesine ilişkin yasal düzenlemelerin ve denetimlerin yetersiz olduğunu belirtmişlerdir.

Kaynakça

  • Ajzen I, Driver B. L. (1992), Application of the theory of planned behaviour to leisure choice, Journal of Leisure Research, 24: 207-224.
  • Ajzen, I. (1971). Attitudinal vs. normative messages: An investigation of the differential effects of persuasive communications on behavior. Sociometry, 34(2), 263-280.
  • Allen, J., Taylor, J., Dimeo, P., Dixon, S., & Robinson, L. (2015). Predicting elite Scottish athletes’ attitudes towards doping: examining the contribution of achievement goals and motivational climate. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(9), 899-906.
  • Azaiez, F., Alajjouri, M. H. I., Lahmar, S., & Chalghaf, N. (2014). Bigorexia, perfectionism and overtraining among Tunisian team sport players. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 3(6), 9-16.
  • Barkoukis, V., Lazuras, L., Tsorbatzoudis, H., & Rodafinos, A. (2013). Motivational and social cognitive predictors of doping intentions in elite sports: An integrated approach. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science In Sports, 23, e330-e340.
  • Başkale, H. (2016). Nitel araştırmalarda geçerlik, güvenirlik ve örneklem büyüklüğünün belirlenmesi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 9(1).
  • Berg B., L. (1988). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. A Pearson Education Company. 4th Edition.
  • Berriam S., B. (2009). Qualitative research a guide to design and implementation. The Jossey-Bass, A Wiley Imprint. San Francisco.
  • Blank, C., Leichtfried, V., Schaiter, R., Fürhapter, C., Müller, D., & Schobersberger, W. (2015). Doping in sports: Knowledge and attitudes among parents of Austrian junior athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science In Sports, 25(1), 116-124.
  • Bowers, L. D., & Paternoster, R. (2017). Inhibiting doping in sports: deterrence is necessary, but not sufficient. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 11(1), 132-151.
  • Cannella, A. A., Jones, C. D., & Withers, M. C. (2015). Family-versus lone-founder-controlled public corporations: Social identity theory and boards of directors. Academy of Management Journal, 58(2), 436-459.
  • Chan, D. K., Donovan, R. J., Lentillon‐Kaestner, V., Hardcastle, S. J., Dimmock, J. A., Keatley, D. A., & Hagger, M. S. (2015). Young athletes' awareness and monitoring of anti‐doping in daily life: Does motivation matter? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science In Sports, 25, e655-e663.
  • Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage Publications.
  • De Hon, O., Kuipers, H., & Van Bottenburg, M. (2015). Prevalence of doping use in elite sports: a review of numbers and methods. Sports Medicine, 45(1), 57-69.
  • De-Leeuw A, Valois P, Ajzen I, Schmidt P. (2015), Using the theory of planned behaviour to identify key beliefs underlying pro-environmental behaviour in high-school students: Implications for educational interventions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 42, 128-138.
  • Erickson, K., McKenna, J., & Backhouse, S. H. (2015). A qualitative analysis of the factors that protect athletes against doping in sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 149-155.
  • Erkuş, A. (2013). Davranış bilimleri için bilimsel araştırma süreci. Seçkin yayıncılık. Dördüncü baskı.
  • Hoff, D. (2015). The significance of social learning processes for doping use in the elite sport environment: An interview study of AAS-using athletes. In Malmö, Sweden: Research Seminar Series in Sport Sciences, Malmö University Retrieved from http://idrottsforum. org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/David-Hoff_doping. pdf.
  • Hutchinson, B., Moston, S., &Engelberg, T. (2018). Social validation: a motivational theory of doping in an online bodybuilding community. Sport in Society, 21(2), 260-282. Islam, G. (2014). Social identity theory. In Encyclopedia of Critical sychology (1781-1783). Springer New York.
  • Karataş, Z. (2015). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. Manevi Temelli Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 62-80.
  • Kirby, K., Guerin, S., Moran, A. P., & Matthews, J. (2016). Doping in elite sport: linking behaviour, attitudes and psychological theory. In Barkoukis, V., Lazuras, L. and Tsorbatzoudis, H.(eds.). The Psychology of Doping in Sport (1-17). Routledge.
  • Koca, C. (2017). Spor bilimlerinde nitel araştırma yaklaşımı. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 28(1), 30-48.
  • Lazuras, L., Barkoukis, V., & Tsorbatzoudis, H. (2015). Toward an integrative model of doping use: an empirical study with adolescent athletes. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 37(1), 37-50.
  • Mallia, L., Lucidi, F., Zelli, A., & Violani, C. (2013). Doping attitudes and the use of legal and illegal performance-enhancing substances among Italian adolescents. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 22(3), 179-190.
  • Negro, M., Marzullo, N., Caso, F., Calanni, L., & D’Antona, G. (2018). Opinion paper: scientific, philosophical and legal consideration of doping in sports. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 118(4), 729-736.
  • Ntoumanis, N., Barkoukis, V., Gucciardi, D. F., & Chan, D. K. C. (2017). Linking coach interpersonal style with athlete doping intentions and doping use: A prospective study. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 39(3), 188-198.
  • Ntoumanis, N., Ng, J. Y., Barkoukis, V., & Backhouse, S. (2014). Personal and psychosocial predictors of doping use in physical activity settings: a meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 44(11), 1603-1624.
  • Ohl, F., Fincoeur, B., Lentillon-Kaestner, V., Defrance, J., & Brissonneau, C. (2015). The socialization of young cyclists and the culture of doping. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 50(7), 865-882.
  • Outram, S., & Stewart, B. (2015). Doping through supplement use: a review of the available empirical data. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 25(1), 54-59.
  • Özbek O., (2013), Doping and Entry Examinations to Schools of Physical Education and Sports, International Journal of Physical Education, L (1), 28-39.
  • Psouni, S., Zourbanos, N., & Theodorakis, Y. (2015). Attitudes and Intentions of Greek Athletes and Coaches Regarding Doping. Health, 7(9), 1224-1233.
  • Ring, C., & Kavussanu, M. (2018). The role of self-regulatory efficacy, moral disengagement and guilt on doping likelihood: A social cognitive theory perspective. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(5), 578-584.
  • Saban A., & Ersoy A. (2016). Eğitimde nitel araştırma desenleri. Anı Yayıncılık, 1. Baskı, Ankara
  • Seggie & Bayyurt. (2017). Nitel araştırma yöntem, teknik, analiz ve Yaklaşımlar. Anı Yayıncılık, 2. Baskı. 2017.
  • Taware, G. B., & Bansode, D. G. (2015). Doping in sports. National Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 6(2), 69-92.
  • Tayade, M. C., & Latti, R. G. (2017). Doping in sports: Physiology Review. Steroids, 2(3), 5-10.
  • Teetzel, S. (2006). Sharing the blame: complicity, conspiracy, and collective responsibility in sport, Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis. Gymnica, 36(2), 85-93
  • Türkçapar, U., Mine, K., & Mustafa, K. (2014). Analysing the attitudes of elite wrestlers related to the use of doping. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 16(1), 128-134.
  • Ulrich, R., Pope, Jr., Harrison, G., Cleret, L., Petroczi, A., Nepusz, T., Schaffer, J., Kanayama, G., Comstock, R. D., & Simon, P. (2018). Doping in two elite athletics competitions assessed by randomized-response surveys. Sports Medicine, 48(1), 211-219.
  • Van den Broek, I., Blokland, M., Nessen, M. A., & Sterk, S. (2015). Current trends in mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins: Application to veterinary and sports‐doping control. Mass Spectrometry Reviews, 34(6), 571-594.
  • Walliman, N. (2017). Research methods: The basics. Routledge.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Spor Hekimliği
Bölüm SPOR YÖNETİM BİLİMLERİ
Yazarlar

Oğuz Özbek 0000-0003-2405-1622

Seçkin Doğaner 0000-0001-9475-8338

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Ağustos 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Özbek, O., & Doğaner, S. (2019). Doping in sports: athletes’ and coaches’ views. International Journal of Sport Exercise and Training Sciences - IJSETS, 5(4), 163-174. https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.605331