Ortaokul öğrencilerinin fiziksel aktiviteye tutum düzeylerinin incelenmesi
Year 2020,
, 64 - 75, 30.12.2020
Ahmet Birgün
,
Elif Özen
,
Berna Sevim Uğraş
,
Belkıs Sevim Pehlivan
Abstract
Bu araştırmada ortaokulda öğrenim gören öğrencilerin fiziksel aktiviteye tutum düzeylerinin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma deseni olarak kesitsel tarama yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya Balıkesir İl Milli Eğitim Müdürlüğüne bağlı ortaokullarda öğrenim gören 140 kız, 157’si erkek öğrenci olmak üzere toplam 297 öğrenci katılmıştır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak Yıldızer, Bilgin, Korur, Yüksel ve Demirhan (2019) geliştirmiş olduğu “Ortaokul Öğrencileri İçin Fiziksel Aktivite Tutum” ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Veri analizinde normal dağılım için çarpıklık ve basıklık değerlerine bakılırken ikili karşılaştırmalarda independent samle t testi ve ikiden fazla olan grupların karşılaştırılmasında one way anova kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre cinsiyet değişkeninde isteklilik alt boyutunda erkek öğrencilerin lehine anlamlı fark çıkarken fayda alt boyutunda kız öğrenciler lehine fark olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sınıf düzeyi, anne eğitim ve baba eğitim düzeylerine göre istatistiksel olarak herhangi bir fark olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucuna göre ortaokulda öğrenim gören öğrencilerin fiziksel aktiviteye tutumlarının beden eğitimi dersine olan tutumları ile paralellik gösterdiği ifade edilebilir. Fiziksel aktiviteye tutum oluşmasında beden eğitimi dersinin kilit bir rolde olduğu düşünülmektedir.
References
- Aarts, H., Paulussen, T., & Schaalma, H. (1997). Physical exercise habit: on the conceptualization and formation of habitual health behaviours. Health education research, 12(3), 363-374.
- Alpözgen, A. Z., & Özdinçler, A. R. (2016). Fiziksel aktivite ve koruyucu etkileri: Derleme. Sağlık Bilimleri ve Meslekleri Dergisi, 3(1), 66-72.
- Araújo, A. T., & Dosil, J. (2015). The influence of attitudes toward physical activity and sports. Motriz: Revista de Educação Física, 21(4), 344-351.
- Ashutosh, A., Nrusingha, P., & Anshuman, M. (2016). Students’ sports activity preference and their attitudes toward physical education. International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research, 3(3), 328-332.
- Aydoğan, H., Bardakçı, S., Arslan, E., Civelek, H., & İşyar, Z. (2016). İlkokul 4. Sınıf ve Ortaokul 5. Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Beden Eğitimi Dersine Yönelik Tutum ve Öz-Yeterliklerinin İncelenmesi. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(2), 100-119.
- Baydemir, B., Yurdakul, H. Ö., & Özer, K. (2018). Physıcal activity level in element ary education second level children, physical self description and self-esteem İlköğretim II. kademe çocuklarda fiziksel aktivite düzeyi, kendini fiziksel tanımlama ve benlik saygısı. Journal of Human Sciences, 15(2), 1049-1057.
- Bidzan-Bluma, I., & Lipowska, M. (2018). Physical activity and cognitive functioning of children: a systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(4), 800.
- Booth, F. W., Laye, M. J., Lees, S. J., Rector, R. S., & Thyfault, J. P. (2008). Reduced physical activity and risk of chronic disease: the biology behind the consequences. European journal of applied physiology, 102(4), 381-390.
- Burton, N. W., Kadir, M. A., & Khan, A. (2020). Physical activity attitudes among adolescents in Bangladesh. Public health, 179, 59-65.
- Büyüköztürk, S., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, S. & Demirel, F. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (18. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayımcılık
- Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public health rep, 100(2), 126-131.
- Cengiz, Ö., Kılıç, M. A., & Soylu, Y. (2018). Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Beden Eğitimi Dersine Yönelik Tutumlarının İncelenmesi. Sosyal Bilimler Akademi Dergisi, 1(2), 141-149.
- Colberg, S. R., Sigal, R. J., Yardley, J. E., Riddell, M. C., Dunstan, D. W., Dempsey, P. C., Horton, E. S., Castorino, K., & Tate, D. F. (2016). Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes care, 39(11), 2065-2079.
- Curcic, D., Stojmenovic, T., Djukic-Dejanovic, S., Dikic, N., Vesic-Vukasinovic, M., Radivojevic, N., Andjelkovic, M., Borovcanin, M., & Djokic, G. (2017). Positive impact of prescribed physical activity on symptoms of schizophrenia: randomized clinical trial. Psychiatria Danubina, 29(4), 459-465.
- Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (2007). The advantages of an inclusive definition of attitude. Social cognition, 25(5), 582-602.
- Güllü, M., Cengiz, Ş. Ş., Öztaşyonar, Y., & Kaplan, B. (2016). Ortaokul öğrencilerin beden eğitimi ve spor dersine ilişkin tutumlarının bazı değişkenlere göre incelenmesi (Şanlıurfa ili örneği). Gaziantep Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 49-61.
- Holt, N. L., Kingsley, B. C., Tink, L. N., & Scherer, J. (2011). Benefits and challenges associated with sport participation by children and parents from low-income families. Psychology of sport and exercise, 12(5), 490-499.
- Howie, E. K., & Pate, R. R. (2012). Physical activity and academic achievement in children: A historical perspective. Journal of sport and health science, 1(3), 160-169.
- Janssen, I., & LeBlanc, A. G. (2010). Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. International journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 7(1), 40.
- Jurišin, S. M., Malčić, B., & Kostović, S. (2017). Attitudes of junior adolescents toward physical education through the prism of contextual factors and traits of a child. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 17, 2207-2213.
- Keskin, N., Öncü, E., & Küçük Kılıç, S. (2016). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin beden eğitimi dersine yönelik tutum ve öz-yeterlikleri.
- Keskin, Ö., Hergüner, G., Dönmez, A., Berisha, M., & Üçan, E. (2017). The Examination of the Attitudes of Secondary School Students towards Physical Education Course. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 5(3), 60-68.
- Kılınç, H., Bayrakdar, A., Çelik, B., Mollaoğulları, H., & Gencer, Y. G. (2016). Physical activity level and quality of life of university students Üniversite öğrencilerinde fiziksel aktivite düzeyi ve yaşam kalitesi. Journal of Human Sciences, 13(3), 3794-3806.
- Köchli, S., Endes, K., Steiner, R., Engler, L., Infanger, D., Schmidt-Trucksäss, A., Zahner, L., & Hanssen, H. (2019). Obesity, high blood pressure, and physical activity determine vascular phenotype in young children: The EXAMIN YOUTH study. Hypertension, 73(1), 153-161.
- Kraus, W. E., Powell, K. E., Haskell, W. L., Janz, K. F., Campbell, W. W., Jakicic, J. M., Troiano, R. P., Sprow, K., Torres, A., & Piercy, K, L. (2019). Physical activity, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular disease. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 51(6), 1270.
- Liu, W., Wang, J., & Xu, F. (2008). Middle school children's attitudes toward physical activity. The ICHPER-SD Journal of Research in Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Sport & Dance, 3(2), 78.
- McTiernan, A., Friedenreich, C. M., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Powell, K. E., Macko, R., Buchner, D., Pescatello, L. S., Bloodgood, B., Tennat, B., Vaux-Bjerke, A., Piercy, K.L., George, S. M., & Troiano R. P., (2019). Physical Activity in Cancer Prevention and Survival: A Systematic Review. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 51(6), 1252-1261.
- MEB (Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı) Beden eğitimi ve spor dersi öğretim programı (Ortaokul 5,6,7 ve 8. Sınıflar) Milli Eğitim Basımevi, Ankara, 2018.
http://mufredat.meb.gov.tr/ProgramDetay.aspx?PID=324
- Mücke, M., Ludyga, S., Colledge, F., & Gerber, M. (2018). Influence of regular physical activity and fitness on stress reactivity as measured with the trier social stress test protocol: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 48(11), 2607-2622.
- National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE), (1995). Moving into the future: National Physical Education Standarts: A Guide to Content and Assessment. Boston: CB/McGraw-Hill.
- Padial-Ruz, R., Pérez-Turpin, J. A., Cepero-González, M., & Zurita-Ortega, F. (2020). Effects of physical self-concept, emotional isolation, and family functioning on attitudes towards physical education in adolescents: Structural equation analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 94.
- Pedersen, B. K., & Saltin, B. (2015). Exercise as medicine–evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 25, 1-72.
- Pescatello, L. S., Buchner, D. M., Jakicic, J. M., Powell, K. E., Kraus, W. E., Bloodgood, B., Campbell, W, W., Dietz, S., Dipietro, L., George, S, M., Macko, R. F., McTiernan A., Pate, R, R., & Piercy K, L. (2019). Physical activity to prevent and treat hypertension: A systematic review. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 51(6), 1314-1323.
- Pratt, H. D., Patel, D. R., & Greydanus, D. E. (2003). Behavioral aspects of children's sports. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 50(4), 879-99.
- Schuch, F. B., Vancampfort, D., Firth, J., Rosenbaum, S., Ward, P. B., Silva, E. S., Hallgren, M., De Leon, A. P., Dunn, A. L., Deslandes, A. C., Fleck, M. P., Carvalho A. P., & Stubbs, B (2018). Physical activity and incident depression: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(7), 631-648.
- Sivrikaya, Ö., & Kılçık, M. (2018). Farklı İllerdeki Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Beden Eğitimi Dersine Karşı Tutumlarının Ölçülmesi. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(3), 162-173.
- Stubbs, B., Koyanagi, A., Hallgren, M., Firth, J., Richards, J., Schuch, F., Rosenbaum S., Mugisha J., Veronese, N., Lahti, J., & Vancampfort, D. (2017). Physical activity and anxiety: A perspective from the World Health Survey. Journal of affective disorders, 208, 545-552.
- Tabachnick and Fidell (2013). B.G. Tabachnick, L.S. Fidell Using Multivariate Statistics (sixth ed.) Pearson, Boston
- Te Ava, A., & Rubie-Davies, C. (2016). Cook Islands students' attitudes towards physical education. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 41(4), 8.
- Troy, K. L., Mancuso, M. E., Butler, T. A., & Johnson, J. E. (2018). Exercise early and often: effects of physical activity and exercise on women’s bone health. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(5), 878.
- Trudeau, F., & Shephard, R. J. (2005). Contribution of school programmes to physical activity levels and attitudes in children and adults. Sports medicine, 35(2), 89-105.
- Uğraş, S., & Güllü, M. (2020). Ortaokulda Öğrenim Gören Öğrencilerin Beden Eğitimi Dersindeki Mutluluk Düzeyleri ile Yaşam Doyumları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi: Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli. Journal of History School, 44, 583-599.
- Uğraş, S., & Özen, G. (2020). Investigation of relationship between attitude to physical education course and school belonging. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 24(1), 48-53.
- Warburton, D. E., Nicol, C. W., & Bredin, S. S. (2006). Prescribing exercise as preventive therapy. Cmaj, 174(7), 961-974.
- World Health Organization. (2009). Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. World Health Organization.
- World Health Organization. (2016). Consideration of the evidence on childhood obesity for the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity: report of the ad hoc working group on science and evidence for ending childhood obesity, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Yaldız, A. S., & Özbek, O. (2018). İlköğretim Okullarında Beden Eğitimi Dersine Yönelik Öğrenci ve Ana-Baba Tutumları Primary School Students’ and Their Parents’ Attitudes Towards Participation in Physical Education Courses. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 26(1), 75.
- Yıldızer, G., Bilgin, E., Korur, E. N., Yüksel, Y., & Demirhan, G.(2019). Orta Okul Öğrencileri İçin Fiziksel Aktivite Tutum Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 30(2), 63-73.
Year 2020,
, 64 - 75, 30.12.2020
Ahmet Birgün
,
Elif Özen
,
Berna Sevim Uğraş
,
Belkıs Sevim Pehlivan
References
- Aarts, H., Paulussen, T., & Schaalma, H. (1997). Physical exercise habit: on the conceptualization and formation of habitual health behaviours. Health education research, 12(3), 363-374.
- Alpözgen, A. Z., & Özdinçler, A. R. (2016). Fiziksel aktivite ve koruyucu etkileri: Derleme. Sağlık Bilimleri ve Meslekleri Dergisi, 3(1), 66-72.
- Araújo, A. T., & Dosil, J. (2015). The influence of attitudes toward physical activity and sports. Motriz: Revista de Educação Física, 21(4), 344-351.
- Ashutosh, A., Nrusingha, P., & Anshuman, M. (2016). Students’ sports activity preference and their attitudes toward physical education. International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research, 3(3), 328-332.
- Aydoğan, H., Bardakçı, S., Arslan, E., Civelek, H., & İşyar, Z. (2016). İlkokul 4. Sınıf ve Ortaokul 5. Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Beden Eğitimi Dersine Yönelik Tutum ve Öz-Yeterliklerinin İncelenmesi. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(2), 100-119.
- Baydemir, B., Yurdakul, H. Ö., & Özer, K. (2018). Physıcal activity level in element ary education second level children, physical self description and self-esteem İlköğretim II. kademe çocuklarda fiziksel aktivite düzeyi, kendini fiziksel tanımlama ve benlik saygısı. Journal of Human Sciences, 15(2), 1049-1057.
- Bidzan-Bluma, I., & Lipowska, M. (2018). Physical activity and cognitive functioning of children: a systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(4), 800.
- Booth, F. W., Laye, M. J., Lees, S. J., Rector, R. S., & Thyfault, J. P. (2008). Reduced physical activity and risk of chronic disease: the biology behind the consequences. European journal of applied physiology, 102(4), 381-390.
- Burton, N. W., Kadir, M. A., & Khan, A. (2020). Physical activity attitudes among adolescents in Bangladesh. Public health, 179, 59-65.
- Büyüköztürk, S., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, S. & Demirel, F. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (18. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayımcılık
- Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public health rep, 100(2), 126-131.
- Cengiz, Ö., Kılıç, M. A., & Soylu, Y. (2018). Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Beden Eğitimi Dersine Yönelik Tutumlarının İncelenmesi. Sosyal Bilimler Akademi Dergisi, 1(2), 141-149.
- Colberg, S. R., Sigal, R. J., Yardley, J. E., Riddell, M. C., Dunstan, D. W., Dempsey, P. C., Horton, E. S., Castorino, K., & Tate, D. F. (2016). Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes care, 39(11), 2065-2079.
- Curcic, D., Stojmenovic, T., Djukic-Dejanovic, S., Dikic, N., Vesic-Vukasinovic, M., Radivojevic, N., Andjelkovic, M., Borovcanin, M., & Djokic, G. (2017). Positive impact of prescribed physical activity on symptoms of schizophrenia: randomized clinical trial. Psychiatria Danubina, 29(4), 459-465.
- Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (2007). The advantages of an inclusive definition of attitude. Social cognition, 25(5), 582-602.
- Güllü, M., Cengiz, Ş. Ş., Öztaşyonar, Y., & Kaplan, B. (2016). Ortaokul öğrencilerin beden eğitimi ve spor dersine ilişkin tutumlarının bazı değişkenlere göre incelenmesi (Şanlıurfa ili örneği). Gaziantep Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 49-61.
- Holt, N. L., Kingsley, B. C., Tink, L. N., & Scherer, J. (2011). Benefits and challenges associated with sport participation by children and parents from low-income families. Psychology of sport and exercise, 12(5), 490-499.
- Howie, E. K., & Pate, R. R. (2012). Physical activity and academic achievement in children: A historical perspective. Journal of sport and health science, 1(3), 160-169.
- Janssen, I., & LeBlanc, A. G. (2010). Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. International journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 7(1), 40.
- Jurišin, S. M., Malčić, B., & Kostović, S. (2017). Attitudes of junior adolescents toward physical education through the prism of contextual factors and traits of a child. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 17, 2207-2213.
- Keskin, N., Öncü, E., & Küçük Kılıç, S. (2016). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin beden eğitimi dersine yönelik tutum ve öz-yeterlikleri.
- Keskin, Ö., Hergüner, G., Dönmez, A., Berisha, M., & Üçan, E. (2017). The Examination of the Attitudes of Secondary School Students towards Physical Education Course. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 5(3), 60-68.
- Kılınç, H., Bayrakdar, A., Çelik, B., Mollaoğulları, H., & Gencer, Y. G. (2016). Physical activity level and quality of life of university students Üniversite öğrencilerinde fiziksel aktivite düzeyi ve yaşam kalitesi. Journal of Human Sciences, 13(3), 3794-3806.
- Köchli, S., Endes, K., Steiner, R., Engler, L., Infanger, D., Schmidt-Trucksäss, A., Zahner, L., & Hanssen, H. (2019). Obesity, high blood pressure, and physical activity determine vascular phenotype in young children: The EXAMIN YOUTH study. Hypertension, 73(1), 153-161.
- Kraus, W. E., Powell, K. E., Haskell, W. L., Janz, K. F., Campbell, W. W., Jakicic, J. M., Troiano, R. P., Sprow, K., Torres, A., & Piercy, K, L. (2019). Physical activity, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular disease. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 51(6), 1270.
- Liu, W., Wang, J., & Xu, F. (2008). Middle school children's attitudes toward physical activity. The ICHPER-SD Journal of Research in Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Sport & Dance, 3(2), 78.
- McTiernan, A., Friedenreich, C. M., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Powell, K. E., Macko, R., Buchner, D., Pescatello, L. S., Bloodgood, B., Tennat, B., Vaux-Bjerke, A., Piercy, K.L., George, S. M., & Troiano R. P., (2019). Physical Activity in Cancer Prevention and Survival: A Systematic Review. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 51(6), 1252-1261.
- MEB (Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı) Beden eğitimi ve spor dersi öğretim programı (Ortaokul 5,6,7 ve 8. Sınıflar) Milli Eğitim Basımevi, Ankara, 2018.
http://mufredat.meb.gov.tr/ProgramDetay.aspx?PID=324
- Mücke, M., Ludyga, S., Colledge, F., & Gerber, M. (2018). Influence of regular physical activity and fitness on stress reactivity as measured with the trier social stress test protocol: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 48(11), 2607-2622.
- National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE), (1995). Moving into the future: National Physical Education Standarts: A Guide to Content and Assessment. Boston: CB/McGraw-Hill.
- Padial-Ruz, R., Pérez-Turpin, J. A., Cepero-González, M., & Zurita-Ortega, F. (2020). Effects of physical self-concept, emotional isolation, and family functioning on attitudes towards physical education in adolescents: Structural equation analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 94.
- Pedersen, B. K., & Saltin, B. (2015). Exercise as medicine–evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 25, 1-72.
- Pescatello, L. S., Buchner, D. M., Jakicic, J. M., Powell, K. E., Kraus, W. E., Bloodgood, B., Campbell, W, W., Dietz, S., Dipietro, L., George, S, M., Macko, R. F., McTiernan A., Pate, R, R., & Piercy K, L. (2019). Physical activity to prevent and treat hypertension: A systematic review. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 51(6), 1314-1323.
- Pratt, H. D., Patel, D. R., & Greydanus, D. E. (2003). Behavioral aspects of children's sports. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 50(4), 879-99.
- Schuch, F. B., Vancampfort, D., Firth, J., Rosenbaum, S., Ward, P. B., Silva, E. S., Hallgren, M., De Leon, A. P., Dunn, A. L., Deslandes, A. C., Fleck, M. P., Carvalho A. P., & Stubbs, B (2018). Physical activity and incident depression: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(7), 631-648.
- Sivrikaya, Ö., & Kılçık, M. (2018). Farklı İllerdeki Ortaokul Öğrencilerinin Beden Eğitimi Dersine Karşı Tutumlarının Ölçülmesi. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(3), 162-173.
- Stubbs, B., Koyanagi, A., Hallgren, M., Firth, J., Richards, J., Schuch, F., Rosenbaum S., Mugisha J., Veronese, N., Lahti, J., & Vancampfort, D. (2017). Physical activity and anxiety: A perspective from the World Health Survey. Journal of affective disorders, 208, 545-552.
- Tabachnick and Fidell (2013). B.G. Tabachnick, L.S. Fidell Using Multivariate Statistics (sixth ed.) Pearson, Boston
- Te Ava, A., & Rubie-Davies, C. (2016). Cook Islands students' attitudes towards physical education. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 41(4), 8.
- Troy, K. L., Mancuso, M. E., Butler, T. A., & Johnson, J. E. (2018). Exercise early and often: effects of physical activity and exercise on women’s bone health. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(5), 878.
- Trudeau, F., & Shephard, R. J. (2005). Contribution of school programmes to physical activity levels and attitudes in children and adults. Sports medicine, 35(2), 89-105.
- Uğraş, S., & Güllü, M. (2020). Ortaokulda Öğrenim Gören Öğrencilerin Beden Eğitimi Dersindeki Mutluluk Düzeyleri ile Yaşam Doyumları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi: Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli. Journal of History School, 44, 583-599.
- Uğraş, S., & Özen, G. (2020). Investigation of relationship between attitude to physical education course and school belonging. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 24(1), 48-53.
- Warburton, D. E., Nicol, C. W., & Bredin, S. S. (2006). Prescribing exercise as preventive therapy. Cmaj, 174(7), 961-974.
- World Health Organization. (2009). Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. World Health Organization.
- World Health Organization. (2016). Consideration of the evidence on childhood obesity for the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity: report of the ad hoc working group on science and evidence for ending childhood obesity, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Yaldız, A. S., & Özbek, O. (2018). İlköğretim Okullarında Beden Eğitimi Dersine Yönelik Öğrenci ve Ana-Baba Tutumları Primary School Students’ and Their Parents’ Attitudes Towards Participation in Physical Education Courses. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 26(1), 75.
- Yıldızer, G., Bilgin, E., Korur, E. N., Yüksel, Y., & Demirhan, G.(2019). Orta Okul Öğrencileri İçin Fiziksel Aktivite Tutum Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 30(2), 63-73.